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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I ^H ^^^^^K "^^^^^^^^^1 1 ^F r 1 ^^^^K^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^2^^H ^S \ -t Oi I i *♦ ,* I t ^ « • • / 1 •' ( ujcir ^J^^^ (j^l V^AaAaOj V.X)Ly^ J lXIUki^ THE ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHY £5 jr H^ UK^L. AN ARABIAN TRAVELLER OF THE TENTH CENTURY, Translated from a Manuscript in his own Possessiony collated xcith one preserved in the Library of Eton CollegCj BY Sir WILLIAM OUSELEY, Knt. LL. D. ORBIS SITUM DICERE AGGREDIOR^ IMPEDITUM OPUS ET FACUNDIiE MINIME CAPAX. POMP. MELA. Printed^ at the Oriental Press, by Tfllson (§' Co. WILD-COURT, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, FOR T. CADELL, JUN. AXD W. DAVIES, STRAND. 1800. TO THE KING, THIS ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE EASTERN WORLD IS HUMBLt^ DEDICATED^ BY MIS M^JESTt^S MOST DUTIFUL SERVANT, AND MOST FAITHFUL SUBJECT, WILLIAM OUSELEY. PREFACE, IN compiling, Jrom the Manuscript Works of several Persian and Arabian Authors, whatsoever they had written on the Geography of the Eastern World, 1 found that, in a variety of detached extracts, I had imperceptibly translated almost half of that treatise which I now offer to the Publick as complete in an English version as the obscurities and imper^ fections of the original would admit. Besides the intrinsick merits of the work, its authenticity and antiquity induced me to regard it as the most important of all compositions on the subject of Oriental Geography. Abulfeda informs us, that Edrisi^ £sn Khordadbah^ and many other writers of high reputation, have only traced, on ii PREFACE. paper, the footsteps of Ebn Haukal*, who, it appears from ' his own words, had actually visited most of the places which he describes. Although the exact epoch of his birth and death is still un- known to me, I have not hesitated to announce Ebn Haukal as an author of the tenth century. That he wrote before the ■ building of Cairo, we learn from his account of Egypt in the following work, page 30 ; and after the accession of Abdar- RAHMAN^ who, in his time, governed Andalus^ or Spain, appears from p. 2b/ Tht fwmdation of modem Cairo was laid in the yisar gCfS (of the Christian JEra, am2 Abdarrah* UAJS assumed the govenwtent (^ Spain in the year go2 of the same Mra, or of the Hegira 2^0^ Thxs we may ascertain, that Ebn Haukal Jlourished before the year q68, and after the year 902 ; and we cannot err eonsiderably if we place him in the middle, or, perhaps, in the beginning, of the tenth century f. He is styled, iy Edrisi and Abulfeda, simply * Ch^rasmia et Mmmralnahr deuriptio, ex tabtilh JhttfeJa, He. Quarto, Lcmdon, 16^0, p. 2. t This date is confirmed by another passage in our Author's description of Mawcralnahr, orTrztiSoxznisi, page 22s* He there informs us, that he conversed with a respectable personage, who had served in the armies of Nasser Ahmbd. Tim Prince, of tixe PREFACE. iii Jo^ Haukal> . or J^S^ ^\ £bn Haulul : But it appears^ from one copy of his work deposited ^ among the Oriental manuscripts in the Library at Leyden *, that his name was ^1 j»MiUJI ^^1 Abi l'Cassem £bn Haukal. V The work itself in the original Arabick, according to the Catalogue of the Leyden Library, above quoted, is called UCll^l UClU^I vl^Kitab al Mesalck alMemalek. The Persian translation which I have used, and the copy preserved at Eton f, bear the same title, with the omission of the Ard^ bick article, and ('in my copy) the addition of the copulative^ thus : loub^ he wthmany other MSS. about three years ago, is a large amtibln octvuo volume, coniainhtgtwo hundred and twelve pages : it is imperfect at the end; but on a collation with the Eton MS. appears only to want the last leaf* The character is sufficiently neat ; but the proper names are most inaccurately written, and whole lines, in various places, are without a diacritical point. ♦ Bibliot. Orient* art. HaucaK As this article contains a very just account of our 4utbor's defects, I shall give it entire :— " Haucal,"— Ebn Haucal,— " Auteur d*un livre intitule Giagrafiah fi Marefat al Boldan. Cest une Geographic fort prolixe\ Abulfeda qui ie cite souvent, se plaint de ce qu*il ria pas designi assez clairement les nomspropres des lieux, faute de sitre servi des voyelles qui servent el en fixer la prononciation. Cet Auteur est aussifort defecteux en ce qu*il ne marque ni les longitudes ni les latitudes des lieux dont it park, defaut qui lui est commun avec la plupart de geographes de tOrient, qui ont laiss^ ce soin aux astronomes." PREFACE. V enumerates, in the Preface to that most excellent work, the ^^'MeaaldL al Memalek, by Abi Gaasem Abdallah ben Khordad^ ef Khorasan */* A geographical book, entitled Al Mesalek ou al Memalek (^of which Mons. 'D^Herbelot thinks the author may have been Abou Alt, sumamedMA'RAKSHi), is quoted byEBN alYardi, inhisEhendet al^Ajaiebf^^ The learned Gn AY EBi who published ABULFSDA'sChorasmia and Maweralnahr ^^ mentions the celebrated composition of > Edvlisi; whom we generally style the Nubian Geographer^ as. entitled Meaidltk al' Mesakk, . although ^ it pore nuzny other names, whickHA KTMANisfenumerates in his admirable commenr tary on this work%. Indeed the name Mesalek al Memalek seems i ti) have signified .an JJmyersal Geography, or, rather^ a Work; ♦ \jU>sL Ab^ ^^ aWju* ^\S ^\ «JuJUi ^UJi *^U^ ' t Bthliot. Orient: article Marakcschl; yet I ^ suspect ^ that in this' pitcej the learned author of the Bihliotheque Orient ak has fallen into some error: he seems, however, to have corrected it in another article, SeeMciAck,- X Before quoted* '- See. note, p.iu " Nobilis al Bdrisi ^^mtJ^'SS vJuJ^I in lilr» jClUw^St j3UH ^ de regnis et imperiisy urhfum Jocorumque situs j t^c. § Edrisii Africa, cura]. M. Haktmann, Getting. 1796, octavo, p. Ixvii. &c. vi PREFACE. describing several Countries ; Jbr Abulfeda complainiy f^ Thai ^/ the greater number of those books which are caUed * Al '^ Mesalek ou al Memalek (of Countries and KingdomsJ treat " only, with accuracy, of those regions wherein the Mussul- '^ man religion is established,'* &c.^ Such were the observations I made, while uncertain to whom I shoidd ascribe the composition of a maimscripi treatise which fell into my hands about three years ago, bearing the same title, but without any authors name. AU though the copy preserved in the publick Library at Leyden Jurnished the name of Abi l'Cassbm £bn Haukajl, yet I was not, when visiting that magnificent collection in the year l'70^> interested in a minute examination of any particular volume, and therefore could not afterwards ascertain whether my manuscript was a Persian translation of his work ; and the copy deposited in the College Library at Eton, wanted, like my own, the authors name. But a comparison of the various extracts given by Abulfeda in his account of 4 * Ahulftdte Chtrasmia et Maweral. descript, (ifc, p. 3. The plan of Ebn Haukal's wori will be found to correspond exactly with this description. Seep. I, 2, 2, 4fifc. PREFACE. vii Khorasmia and Maweralnahr, frotfi Ebv Hauxal's hook, with thosif which describe the same places in my manuscript, suffi-^ ciently diimonstrates the identity of their author. I shajl refer the reader, in particular, to Abulfe0a's account of COoaj Tuncat, the chief place of Aihak^near Chaje or Shash ; its numerous gates ; wuter running in the city ; its wall to prevent the inoursioni of the T\kks, . re€u:hing from the Tfimmtuiik cHUed ^U^ Shabakg, to the valley of Chqje; the river ndm^A Ailak *, ^c. All these the reader will find more fuUy dkvarihed hy ^e^ Haukal in thefoUojwing viarh (pages i6Qr^ 26f)i; ' with u variation occasioned merely by the differ^ 9ht collocation of diacritical pxAnis in the names of Tuncat knd Shabaleg. The account of Naksheb and of Kash^ as ex- tracted [y Abulfjed A f /ro/n Ebn Haukal*s book, will be fowftd to correspond esMctly with the description of those cities given in' the fblioming^ translation, pages 259j 2Co^ ^c. A comparison of these passages wiU convince the reader, that the Mesalek al Mraraldk^ of which an English version is now before him, must be the work of Ebn Haukax., so often quoted irj/" Abulfeda. • Chorasm^ et Mawerabi. p. 4.9. t Chorasm. lie. p. 43. vui t'REFACE. But there are some more striking passages, which (as the work of Abulfeda may not always be at hand) I shall pre- sent in the original Ardbick, with a literal translation. Abitlf. page 19. jjlt ^\ Ju^ v>a«j ^l^^ J^a- (^ J J^>^ en' J^ ^ylJ/l CUxjJI UJtS J^a^^jl cXaJ I^a^. Jl j ^OU^ 1 j* j '' Ebn Haukal relates, that in the mountains ofAlBotem ^ there is a certain cavern, inwhich, when every passage for air is stopped up, a thick vapour arises, resembling fre by night and smoke in the day-time ; and this is the nushader ("or sal ammoniac. J Nobody, with safely, cari enter this cave, unless covered with thick garments ft ting close to his body, *' and he must be expeditious in taking away the nushader. The vapour moves from place to place, and they seek for it by digging until it appears. This vapour would not be u €€ U €C i€ it PREFACE- ix ^^ noxipus to those who approach it, if there were not an 'f arched house or vault erected, to prevent its evaporation.'' Thereaderwho is acquainted with the very vague and inr accurate, manner of Eastern writers^ loth in their quotations and translations, must acknowledge this to he the same pas^ sage given in the following work, page 204. , « Anjother . extract will be sufficient to prove the identity of our' author with the Ebn Haukal^ quoted by Abul^eda^ page 45. ** Ebn Haukal says — J saw on a gate at Samarcand, which is called the Gate of Kash, an iron plate with an 4t «f PREFACE. inscription. The people report this to have been in the Hamariah character, and that the gate was erected by the Tobha, the king of Yemen, (Arabia Felix) ; that (the m- scription signifies) *' Prom Sanaa to Samarcand » & thousand ___ • • farsang.^ This was written in the days of the Tobba. IShen, says he (Ebn HAtrKAL)^ a riot or tttmidt Iiaaing happened *' at Samarcand, during my std^ there, the gate was burnt ^' and the inscription destroyed^ After that, Mohammed Ebk ^* Logman Ebk Nasir Ebis^ Ahmed, the Sanumian*, caused ** ^e gate to be rebuilt, but did not restore the inscription^' €t t^' €€ In page 25 A of the following work, this passage will be * > found with less vatiation from the original than Persian translations eenermlbr exhibit : and as it leads t^. a curious anecdote in Oriental history, an article of the Appendix is de^ voted to its illustration. The Author of the AjaLeb al Bokiau (Fifth Clinuite) also quotes Enisi HavkaIm on this subject i and he seems to have '^ F$rwtte iutiimi of ike Smiummn dgaasty, set tht JfptndiM,, No* ly. FREFAGE. xi used the original work in Arahick rather than our Persian translation : his words are. -'' CjS^W y J f***n^ ^^^jr>**i L^y A/*X?^Jij». (^\ wKamLLm >^«cXx>« v«J>f-^U I^V^A/ (^14 v^Av^ ^yj 'aJuo i*«^j^ Ebit Haukal ^^^j ^' Once I went to Samarcand, and upon one of the Gates of that city, which they call the Gate of Kash, I saw a plate of iron, and on it were inscribed some words ; and the people of Samarcand were of opinion that this inscription had been written by the people of Homer (^or the Hamyarites), and that the builder of that gate had *' been the Tobba, or King of Yemen.'* The same person (£bh Haitkal) also says, '^ at the time when I resided in *' Samarcand, a twnult or riot happened, and that gate was *' destroyed byfre.'' €C U €t €t €€ Having mentioned in the beginning of this Preface, that the Mesalek Memalek is quoted in the ancient Chronicle of Tabari^ c 2 xii PREFACE. it may be necessary to account ^ for \ a seeming anachronism \ as the reader who learns from Pqcocke*, DTlERBELOxf, or OcKLEY J, that the venerable historian died early in the tenth century ^y will not readily believe that he cqtdd have quoted the work ^^ Ebn Haueal, whom I have Assigned, Co the middle of Hie same century, and consequently supposed to have existed several years aftei\TABA^ij although At is possible that they /night have> been contemporaries:. But the Chroniclf of Tab^ri undertvetit a Persian translation \ which work, as it was performed by a man of learning and ingenuity, f vizier to one cfi^ftpSatnanian princes), and en- riched by him with much' curious additional matter, M. D*Her- BELOT prefers to tl/je original Arabick)^. This, indeed, is hot « « • Specimen Hist. Arabumi^'^&'i, Q)^9rd,,quart^, it $0^,^ .\ . ; / t Btbllot. Orient, article Thabari* J History of the Saracens. Vol. H.p. 350. § Af^o Hegine iio,CA. D. g22.) ' I Onrem^r^uera encore ici que re vioJr n\i pas seulement traduit le iexte. de Thabari, mais quUl y d encore qjoute tout ce qu'il a cru pouvoir renricher, et ce sont pour laplupart des remarques et desfaits qu'il d tirez, comme il le dit lui menu dans sa Preface^ des Livres des Astronomes, et des Historiens des Ghebres, ou anciens Persons^ adorateurs du feu, des Juifs et des Musulnums : de sorte que cette traduction est beaucoupplus euricuse que le texte Arabique" Bibliot. Orientaje, art. Thabari. It was this passage which gave occasion to the following note in Mr. Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.— -Chap. li. note 33. PREFACE. xiii to he found complete in any lihrary. Of the Persian transla- tion, Jiowever, there are many copies in Europe*: it was made in the year of the Hegira 352, (^A. D. 963), probably very soon after the time of Ebn Haukal. To the Persian translator I would attribute that quotation from the Mesalek al Memalek, which thus occurs in Tabari's History of the Virgin Mary ; and of her fight, with the infant J esvs) to a village in the territories of Damascus^ " Amidst our meagre relations, I must regret that D'HerbbloT has. not found ami used a Persian translation of Tabari, enriched, as he sayt, with many extracts from the native historians of the Ghebers or Magi,*^ • In the Puhlick Libraries of Paris, Oxford^ ifc* Of this most valuable work I am m • • ... fortunate in possessing three fine copies ; one of which, uncommonly correct in the hand' writing, was transcribed A. D. 1446. From this manuscript ^ which the learned Tychsen, in a letter from Rostock, entitles a Phoenix Librorum, collated with the other two copies, a XIV I '' It is said that this village also belonged to Syria, one of the *' villages oftheGhautah of Damascus; and in the &oofc Mesalek " ou Memalek it is thus related among the descriptions of ua- rious countries, that in the world of pleasantness and beauty there are four places most remarkable; one, the Soghd of Samarcand ; another, the Ghoutah of Damascus ; " the third, Nahr Ailah *, which is Basrah ; and the ^^ fourth, Shaab Bouan; this is in Persia, one of the terri^ *' tories belonging to Shiraz. Now the place in which Mary ^^ nursed Jesus, was a village of the Ghoutah (of Damascus) ^* situated on the summit of a rising ground,'' &c. iC €i €€ From the following passage of AauLFEDAf, it appears that Ebst Haukal must have been the author of that Mesalek perfect tmd accurate text might be obtained: this, if correctly translated and illustrated from ^ther Asiatich compositions, the Biblical records ^ the classicks of Greece and Rome, and the more modem productions of European writers, would form a complete body of Oriental History and Antiquities ; since it comprehends not only the Persian and Arabian annals, but the most ancient traditions of the Jews, the Egyptians, and the Greeks. * jJLft fnth two diacritical points under the second letter, for aLI Ablah with one. By a mistaki also, of the transcriber j^ tin word jkyAi Basrah, h one copy ^ Tabari^ is written Mkr. t Chorasm^p. 8. PREFACE- xv Mcmalek alluded to in the preceding extract from Tabaei*8, Chronicle. *^ The Soghd of Samarcand is one of those places esteemed " the most delightful in the world; these are the Soghd of ** Samarcand, the Ghoutah of Damascus, the Nahar al Ahlahf " or river Ahlah^, near Basrah, and Shaab Bouan in Persia ; ^ but Ebn Haukal says that the Soghd (^ Samarcand is th& ** pleasantest of all the four places above enumerated.'' It would be surprising t&fiad a passage from ar^ Ck-ientdl manuscript renmin uncorrupted or unaltered through different translations. My copy of the Mesalek al Memalek (see p. 237,) , ' gives this in the following words : ^^ I have followed G^AViiS, the translator ^Abulfeda, in writing Ablah; tut it SmJ J is properly called Ubbullah, ieing thus accented idijS-'^According to the ^^IJsJLjJI fii^ Takouiin al Boldan or TabUs of Longitude and Latitude, by ^I^am^I 6^Li9 xvi PREFACE. *' They say that in the whole world there is not any place ^^ more delightful than these three ; one, the Soghd of Samar^ " cand ; another, the Rud-i-Aileh {or Ablah) ; and thirdly, the ^' Ghoutah of Damascus.'' . The reader will find in page 237 of this work, that Ebn Haukal prefers the Soghd of Samarcand (as in Tabari*s Chronicle, and Abulfeda) to the rival Tempes, and de- scrihes those points in which its superior beauty consists. ffTiy the Shaab Bouan has been omitted, I cannot pretend to have discovered^. The deplorable inaccuracy of Oriental tran-- scribers, as well as translators, has been so often noticed, that it is unnecessary for me to dwell on the difficulties attending Mohammed Saduk Isfahani, the Nahr Ubbullah is within four farsang of Basrah. • Similar omissions (though not so important J may be detected in other passages. Ebn Haukal^ as quoted by Abulfeda, tells us, that the Hamyaritick inscription before mentioned in this Preface^ was on the Gate of Kash at Samarcand. — Our Persian trans^ lator has^omitted the name of the gate ; but we find, in some places, thai he has retained more of Ebjx Haukal's particular descriptions ihan Abulfeda. PREFACE. vm any endeavour to reconcile the various readingSj and tp supply the d^ciendes, or to correct the errors of manuscripts. The instances, however frequent, of incorrectness and vari-^ ations which occur in the present work, do not hy any meanfi surprise me. After 0, dose application .to Eastern literature for nine or ten years, during which I have turned over ^wie thousands of written volumes, and attentively collated pM^ sages in several hundreds, I no longer expect to find in Arahick, Persian, or Turkish manuscripts (the Koran always excepted), either accuracy of transcribing, fidelity of trofiSr lotion, or eoMctness of quotation. Thus, a heavy clQud of Wicertainty €md confusion still hangs on the Geography of Edrisi^ notwithstanding the learned labours of Kurzmann and of Hartmank^ who notice the pumerous defects of the printed editions, the variation^ of the manmeript copies, the different titles of the same booki the uncertain age and country of the author, &c. Of Ebn Haukal's work, had there been found a perfect copy in the original Arabick, it is most probable that the pleasure of offering this translation to the Publick would not have been reserved for me. *' fFe must lament,'' says the in- zriii PREFACE. gerdous Ko£hlsr*, ** that no better copy of the Mesalek al '' Memaldcf exists, than the manuscript preserved in the Lir brary at Leyden, which is exceedingly imperfect and very badly written.'' It seems, indeed, the lot of Ebn Havkajjs work, in whatsoever form it appears, to he censured for incorrectness and defects, by writers of different ages, and of different countries ; for to the passage above quoted, we may add the following Jrom Abulfeda.^ " The book of Ebn, Haukal is a work of considerable " length, in which the different countries are described with ** sufficient exactness. But neither are the names cf places '* marked by the proper points, nor are their longitudes or " latitudes expressed ; ' this frequently occasions an uncer^ *' tainty respecting the places, proper names, &c.'' * ** Ebn Haukal, de quo dokndum modo non integrius exemplum extare illo quod in Bibliotheca Lcidensi asservaiur, valde tnutilum ac pessime scriptum,** iJc. Proem, ad AbulfedaTabul. Syr.p. ii. Leips. 2d edition^ 1786, t Set the Leyden Catalogue before quoted. iir\ £REFACE. Thex are censures of the original Arahick. I must now hear testimony against the Persian transcripts which I have used. Of the difficulties arising from an irregular combination of letters, the confusion of one word with another, and the total m / omissidn, in some lines, of the diacritical points, I should net complain, because habit and persevering attention have ena- bled me to surmount them in passages of general description, or sentences of common construction ; but in the names of persons or of places never before seen or heard of, and which the context could not assist in deciphering, when the diacriti- cal points were omitted, conjecture alone could supply them, or collation with a more perfect manuscript. The former I have seldom indulged, and the latter has enabled me, in se- veral instances, to ascertain the true reading ; and even the few names in which I have supplied the diacritical points from conjecture, are pointed out to the reader by a note, or other- wise. Notwithstanding what I have just said, and although the most learned writers on Hebrew, Arabick, and Persian Litera- ture, have jnade observations on the same suhjectt it may d 2 xa FREFACE* perhaps^ he necessary to denwnstmte, hy a partictdOr example, the extriwrdinary ir^kiente of ikMB diacritical points, wkich, as they are essential parts of letters, must not be confounded with the vowel points or accents. One example wiU suffice'^^Let us suppose the three letters forming the name CXaJ Tibbet to be digested of their diacriti- cal points, and thus written u^wu — The first character mxj^ be rendered, by the application if one point above, an N, thus, J— • of two points a T, j-^^-of three points a THor S, j ; if one point is placed under, it becomes a B j-^^if two points, a Yj — and if three points, a P j. In like manner the second character may be (iffected, and the third character may be, according to the addition of points, rendered a B, P, T, and TH, or S. Thus, amidst the multiplicity of names which may be formed of those three characters, it would be almost impos- sible, without the aid of context, or previous consideration, to ascertain the true reading: and, to use the words of Gol,ius, that most learned Orientalist, on a similar occasion, one must act the part of a diviner before he can perform that of an interpreter *• As the whokpaisage, in which GoJiu$ apologizes for the mistakes of Erpenius in his FKEFACir. xxt Of ihe Urms usesi in meirsuratUm, or the eomputation oj^ distances fy- time, I must here notice this extreme uncertain^' which still pervades them^ although many ingenious Orien^ talists have endeavoured to remove it. We are sometimes informed that one place is distant from another one month*» joiimey: the extent ef this could de easUy ascertained, were the number ef miles or leagues in a day's joumejr {fi\j oj *p Ou) exactly known; but we cannot expect precision in this computation, since much depends on the particular mode of travelling, the state of the roads, the nature of the country, and other circumstances. Equally vague and uncertain are the terms ^d^w« merhileh and ijj^ menzil which occur in the following pages. Graves^ in his Preface to Abulfeda's Chorasmia^ translates merhileh by static, diseta, mansio. According to Edrisi's Geo- translation of Elmakin, is much to my pnsent purpose, I shall give it here. ** Nam licet ^' Niloiicus hunc Codicem Calamus exaraverit, nimium tamen festinantis ittcuria eum/em " pessime deformarat, crehra imprimis omissione orthographic^ punctuationis : quod quidem *' vitium in metris prasertim et propriis nominiius commissum, did hand potest quam omnia " luxet et incerta reddat : ita ut sapenumero vatem priiis agere deiuerit quam interpretem ** possit.*' Golii Prof at. ad Erpenii Hist. Saracen. Arab. Lat. folio. «ii PREFACE. gnphy ^» the merhileh consisted of thirty miles {{d^^&Xj iS:%y Jl^)» but Abulf£Da considered it as various and undeter- mined. Both merhileh and menzil signify a stage or halting place, after a days journey f. Of the parasang or fur sang (U^m J) q^ Persia we can speak with greater certainty and accuracy, although it ap^ pears, from the Greek and Roman, as well as the native writers, that this measure was not always exactly ascertained, even among the Persians. Xenophon computes the pharsanga at thirty stadia ; and Pliny informs us, that, like the schasnos, it was a measure variously determined %• Hamdallah Mustoofi, the celebrated Author of the Nozahet al Coloub §, prefaces his account of the roads and stages of Iran by some observations on the several measure* • Clim. y. Sect. I. t Bui the number of miles or farsangs in a days journey is mi ascertained ; and we accordingly find mention in the following work of a short merhileh, and a long merhileh ; perhaps thirty miles may be the average. \ Persa schanos et parasangas alii alia mensura determinant, § V>^^ ftl^^^J A most valuable workf frequently quoted by D*HBItBBtOT| who styles the author (»MCT i^o^ijv) " Lc Geqgraphe Persan." PREFACE; Mdii merits iJt different provinces. The farsang or parasang (he says J f in the time of the Caianians^ or second dynasty of Persian, sovereigns^ contained, according to ancient writers, three miles of twelve thousandfeet. According to Malek Shahi, the farsang of Khuarezm consisted of about Jifteen thousand yards,, i^^)' In Azerbaijan, Armenia, and the neighbouring pro- uinces, it contained only twelve thousand yards; while in the- two Iraks, in Curdistan, Laristan^ EJiuzistani Fars^ ShebangareU^ Diarbekre, &c. the farsang was reckoned to contain only six ' thousand yards; in other places it consisted of eight thousand, hut nuiybe^ generally computed at twelve thousand cubits, i^-jj)* The following passage, however, from the Borhau: Kattea seems to fix the measure with precision jl Uf. ••♦^- O/ Ou^j^ fj^tMM /«aJU C>u*»i Aa/taj ^j^m^ vyT' J cJJ^*y> i€ a '^ Farasang, with the vowel accent feiihsi over the first and third, equivalent (in rhyme or metre) to Sar-i-chang, is a cer^ tain fixed measure for roads, consisting of about three niiles^ aaefar PREFACE- f^ each .mile containing four thousand ^az; so that ihefarsang ^' altogether consists of twelve thousand guz: the length ofemdh ^' guz is equal to twentyfour fingers measured in breadth '' f sideways J, andnuiking six handfitls, or six measures of the ** clenched fisty In another excellent Dictionary, the k:d\Ji^\ y^JUL^ KMobnf jsI Loghat^ we find the following article : {j^J\:^^ a/ ^^yJ^J ojJ^A^ t,y^^ v^uj ^ U— 4Jll*.y " Farasang, with the vowel accent fadm^ and the Persian ^^ letter gaf, three krouhs of ground. In Arabick they call it "larsakh." The oaj/^ kroiih, according to the Borhan Kattea, 9 jy i^} " consists of three thousand guz, or, as some say, of four ** thousand, lut it does not exceed this number." PREFACE. ,T}iegux(as above describedj may he computed from twenty to twenty-four, inches. JUr. Richardson* informs us, that the parasangi or league, contains about eighteen thousand feet; and Captain Tr an CKhiNf, whose computation I would adopt, makes it nearly equivalent to four English miles. These and many other matters, which in the following work appear obscure or difficult, it was my intention, when I under- took this translation, to investigate with minute re3earch, and to illustrate with ample explanations. On those subjects, also, which seemed of the most curious and interesting nature, '/ collected a variety of notices, and extracted from several other Oriental Manuscripts, and from the works of European Antiquaries, Historians and Travellers, every passage that could contribute information. I endeavoured, byexamining^ the most ancient traditions pre-- served in Persian records, to ascertain whether the celebrated Ruins of Istakhar, often mentioned in the course of this work, ex- hibit any monuments of the scriptural Q/'^y Elam J, EXvfialg, • Jrab. and Persian Diction, art. ^J^ t Tour to Persia, quarto edition, Calcutta, 1788,/. 17; Lond. edit, ocfava, 1 7 90, ^* 41 • X yeremiak, xlix. e Elymaisi ♦ : whether it iua$ the PersepoU* of ehtsskk histqtyf f ^ the palace of Darius ; or whether^ apfordiKig^ to^ Qt^ mosi learned Orientalist %, an ed^e of jnotr^ r^^ent 4ate^ (os^ structed by the Arsacides. But $a much did my inquiries tm this subject eocoeed the limits ^ « mte>^ that the^c f^naedp ro^ ther, a distinct essay. The various L^gimges of Persia, and oth^r CQwitriesif. no- ticed by Ebk IIauica]^! w^rei also the s»ifje^ qf lahorioius re*- search: through th^ modern D^ri 6vid FarUx the aiii:ien/t FehJlavi and jSendf J Imve trac^ every vesti^ that remains €^ th^ dialects used in Iran during^ ^^. earliest ages §; aud I hfiLife collected^ rather as an^ Antiquury tjvun an Etymologist, many hundred Greek an^cf Pewian ieojrd$, of mbiiph thfi. identic cannot be disputed, and must ha^^ ^rigi/iaied from $tm» other cause than accidental resemblance : that interchange of X Tjchsin de Cuneaiis Inscripiiombus PersipoStanis. R^stocb. 1798* § In this research I haoe aomlid myself if the teamed ^Bmton^s aid (see his " Veteris Lingiue Persica AEITANA"), the more powerful assistance ^Reland (see his Dissert, de Vet. ling. Pers. He. J, and that ofWihl (in his ^^AUgenuiueGtschichte dtr MorgenUmdi^ scpen ^eifJ9en. und JUtteratur'^Js hut I hi^ had access to original sources tmcxploredif them. PREFACE. iGiTii nations and of pwple, to which Seneca ^ alludes^ must na^ . turally have occasioned a confusion of languages ; and thi intermixture of Greek and Persian dialects would he a pro- bahle consequence of the Macedonian conquest4 Several pages, dlso, w6te filUd with obsefMtiohs on 'SiBUt Haukal*8 account of the Mdgi, or Yite-^y^or^ppets : oiii passage, which, for obvious reasons, t have translated into Latin, will he found to hear testimony in favour of Anquetit du Perron* On another part of this volume I was induced to hestouf 4 some inquiry, since it serves to illustrate, and is itself con-- firmed hy, a Rabbinical work bt celebrates it as Liber multiplicis doctrinae ac moltie laudi8» t Geograph. Saen Lit. III. cap. xiii. X Bibliot. Orient, article lagiouge^ PJiiEFACE. attention > and I took some trouble in comparing his account of many natural curiosities with the descriptions giuen us by travellers. I found, however, that these illustrations, whether to be printed in the form, of notes, or as an appendix, would retard considerably the publication of my' book, and render it doubly expensive by the addition of so much as another volume of equal size would scarcely contain* 1 therefore re^ solved to content myself with offering to the Publick a mere translation of Ebn Haukal s work, retaining what the Geoe^ grapher and Critick will probably esteem the most essential part of the original, all names of places in the proper cha^ racter ; and so' exactly have I followed the orthography of my manuscript, that in many pages the same word will be found spelt differently, and even erroneously *. Some of tks most obscure, difficult, or doubtful passages, I have remarked. in short notes^ or endeavoured to illustrate in the Appendix,, where many are given in Persian. t'*- 'K- • Thutwefind: inf. 4%,ij^y^ Tibenah «ir^' Ai^xb Tibcrthah— i/i sif)eral placer^, Isfahan, Sfehan, Ispahan, &c. The Pyramids of Egypt (properly written Aj^\o9r (^^U!jJ^iM Ahram or Elheraman) are styled, in page 33, qjU>^ Houman or (j^Uj^IB Elhounuuu •> I PREFACE. The chief obscurity, as well as importance, consists in the proper names. From my accuracyy therefore, in observing the original orthography of these, every advantage which could result from a perusal of the manuscript is presented to the reader ; for the passages merely descriptive or narrative contain few difficulties, and these few are noticed. The illustrations and notes above mentioned^ as I have reason to hope that the time and labour spent in collecting them were not employed in vain, shall soon be offered to the Publick. They will form part of a Work in which I propose to examine the Geographical System of the Asiaticks — to ex^ tract, from, a multiplicity ofArdbick and Persian Authors, their descriptions of Countries and Cities, Rivers, Mountains, Seas, Islands, &c.^^o give exacf, imitations of many original Maps preserved in rare and curious manuscripts ; and to inquire how far the Geographers of Asia agree with those of ancient Greece and Rome, and with modern Europeans. J shall col^ lect all the traditions that can illustrate local History and Antiquities ; and construct Maps, according to the best au- thorities, not only cf the Asiatick regions, but of Africa cmd Europe, as described by Eastern writers *. • Besides the Geographical Treatises of Abulfcda, Edrisi and otkersy well kaoum to the PREFACE. xxxi In preparing for publication the Geography of Ebn Hau- KAL, had I solicited, I would most probably have received, assistance from many learned friends ; and I should, in this place, with equal pride and pleasure, have followed the exam- pie of those writers who appropriate a department of their Prefaces to a publick acknowledgment of their numerous obligations. But on this subject I shall not long detain the reader ; for publick, I hann used, in compiling materials for this fFork^ a varietyi of Oriental Mann* scripts but little known in Europe. Among these are the ^jSSS CjL6 Heft Aklim> or Seven Climates, by Emir Rauzi ; the xAaM V^jl^ Ajafch »I Boldan, or " Wondcre of Region* ; the vV^^' JU^ Tahkik al Ijab» a Geographical Dictionary^ by Mis^mmed Sadlik Is£i. hani j tbe^\^\ CS^ Tohfut al Iiakein^ or Poetical Description of the two Iraksr Arabian and Persian provinces, by the celebrated Khakani ; the vv.|/^' V^^^ Ajaieb al Gheraieb ; the cAi^J:^^ cajL^ Ajaieb al Mahkloucat ; the ^\S'S\jyc Sour al A- kalim ; the ^^Lam* Seir al Belad ; the Geographical Indfx at the end of Mirkhond'x Rozet al Sefii, lie. These, with the assistance of Ebn Haukal's work, have enabled jffr to construct a Adkp' of Pensia and the adjacent provincex, mp m largt a scah or to^ admit a multiplicity of names not found in any other. It comprehends (on a sheet measuring six feet by five J nearly the same extent as Mr. JVahts celebrated Map, prefixed to his " Altes und Ncucs Vorder und Middel Asicn ;" and the names of places are written^ not only in European characters^ but respectively in Arabick, Persian, Armenian, tic. xxxii PREFACE. my debt of gratitude is single. To the Provost and Fellows of Eton College / am indebted, not only for frequent opportunities of collating their manuscript with my own, but for the most liberal hospitality and the most polite attention. Through their indulgence I liave been enabled to supply some deficien- cies, and correct several errors, which must otherwise have dis- figured this translation : whatever imperfections still remain, would probably have been removed by the collation of a third copy with the two which I have used. A third copy, however, I sought in vain; although, from information, communicated by an ingenious friend, I have reason to believe^ that Ebn Haukal*5 work is among the manuscripts belonging to a certain learned Society : but I must regret that it is not found in any other library of this metropolis to which I have been admitted. Such as it is, I am not without hopes that this work will prove acceptable to the Orientalist, the Antiquary, and the Geographer. If their approbation be withheld, I shall acknowledge that I have toiled in vain ; for the result of my former labours has taught me to expect no qther recompense than praise, and the hopes of substantial profit have bben ex- tinguished by successive disappointments. CONTENTS. Page Introduction 1 The Author's Design, and the Plan of his Work - . ^ . 2 General Outlines of the Countries he proposes to describe - 5 Description of the Seas ---6 Of the Sea of Roum, or the Mediterranean, and other matters - 7 Yajouge and Majouge, Cheen, Africa, Caspian Sea, Franks - 8 Cheen, Maweralnahr, Nubians, Constantinople, Canouje, Sik- lab, Yajouge 9 Tibet, Rous, Jews turned into Monkies - 10 Dejleh, or Tigris, Yemen, Oman 11 Of Bajeh, Abyssinia, and Nubia - -- 13 Of Magreb (or the West) Part of Africa, its Distances and Stages \6 Andalus, or Part of Spain --18 Account of Eg3T>t --29 Sham or Syria ..37 Distances of Places in Sham and Jezireh 47 Mediterranean Sea -- -51 Jezireh, or Mesopotamia ----.-•.-54 Distances of Places in Jezireh --.-.--.55 Towns and Districts of Jezireh -55 Description of Diar Modhar - - - - -- - - 58 IrakArabi --..gl Cities and Towns of Irak Arabi ^63 Province of Khuzistan 72 f xxxiv CJONTENTS. Page Description of Pars, or Farsistan - 81 The Kourehs of Pars -82 Joums of the Curds - ----83 Rivers of Pars -.-..-•.-..g* Lakes of Pars ---84 Fire-temples 85 Districts of the Koureh of Istakhar - 86 Ardeshir Koureh .--.-•- .--^87 Ardeshir Khereh --- 88 Account of the Territories of Darabgird - - - - - - 89 Koureh Shapour .--------..89 Koureh Arghan - 90 Account of the Zems .---..----92 Of the Fortresses and Castles of Pars, and Fire- temples of Pars 95 Rivers of Pars -.-96 Lakes of Pars ----98 Great Cities and remarkable Edifices ------ xoo Koureh of Shapour ---- 103 Koureh of Darabjird -... io4« Distances of Places in Pars - 105 Road from Shiraz to Jenabah 106 Road from Shiraz to Sirgan 107 Road from Shiraz to Kattah -------- 108 Road from Shiraz to Isfahan - - - - - - --IO9 Road from Shiraz to Arjan 110 ^ Stages and Distances between the principal Towns of Pars - J 1.1 Of the Water, Climate, and Soil of Pars - - - -^ - 112 Of the Persons, Manners, Languages, Religions, and chiief ^ Families of the People of Pars - 114 Account of the most extraordinary Edifices in Pars, and other Curiosities ----------- 128 Commodities and Productions of Pars - - - - - -132 Money, Weights, and Measures of the People of Pars - - 1 34 The Gates of Wealth, or the Manner of raising the Revenue - 136 Of the Province of Kirman - --138 f CONTENTS. Fagn ^Mountains, Inhabitants, aud chief Cities of Kirman - - 140 Distances of Places in Kirman - - - - - - --•144' Of the Country of Sind, and Part of Hind - - - - - 146. The Cities and Towns - - - 147 Distances of Places in Sind -«..---.- 153 Rivers of Sind --------.-.. 155 Description of Armenia, Aran, and Azerbaijan - - - • 156 Rivers and Lakes of those Countries, and other matters - - I6I Distances of Places -..-. I63 Description of Kouhestan, orlrakAjemi - - - - - 165 Road from Hamadan to Deinour - - - - - - -I67 Cities and Towns in Irak Ajemi - - - .. . . • igg Provinces of Deilman and Taberistan - - - - - -174 Stages and Distances - - - - - - - - - -180 Road from Rey to Khorasan - - - -.- - - -Ifrl From Taberistan to Gurkan .182 From Amol to Deilem ----------183 Of the Sea of Khozr, or the Caspian ---.... 133 Roads and Stages of Khozr - - - - - - - -ipi Deserts between Pars and Khorasan 192 Route from Rey to Isfahan --..-•--- 195 From Mabein to KLhorasan -I96 Road of Shour ---.-....-• 1^7 Road of Ravan -- -.-'. igg Road of Khebeis - - - -- - .*i. - . . 199 Stages and Distances from Yezd to Khorasan - . - . 200 The New Road --..-a.-... go2 Account of Seiestan, or Sejestan - . ^ - . . . 203 Rivers of Sejestan -- - - - - - - - -- 205- Distances and Stages -- • - -• . *- -.• 209 Road from Sejestan to Bost -----.-.. 209 From Bost to Ghizni - - - - - -.- .. -210 From Sejestan, by the Desert - .- *.i.211 Road from Sejestan to Kirman and Fars - - - - * - 12 1 1 Account of the Province of Khorasan - - - - --212 CONTENTS. Page Road» and Stages of Khorasan 227 of Meru - 230 1 ■ —- ^ of Balkh 230 Distances and Roads of the Towns in Kuhestan - - - - 231 • Account of Maweralnahr, or Transoxania 232 CityofKash 259 City of Naksheb 260 Setroushteh 261 Road from the River Jihoun to Ferghaneh 273 Distances of Stages on the Road of Chaje 274 Road from Samarcand to Balkh -- - 275 Distances and Routes of the principal Cities of Maweralnahr, 276 Distances and Stages of Termed and Cheghanian - - - 277 Distances and Routes of the Towns of Bokhara - - - - 278 Distances and Stages of the Towns of Soghd and Samarcand - 279 THE ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHY OF EEJV . MA UKAL. f^trJiut^ In the name of God, the Clement, the Merciful! x RAISE be to God, the origin of all good ! and may the blessing of God be on Mohammed, the Prince of Prophets ! Thus says the author of the work : " My design, in the composition of this book, is to describe the various climates and regions of the face of the earth, comprised within the circle of Islam, or Mohammedanism, and their several divisions, in such a manner that every remarkable place belonging to each region shall be noticed, and all the boun- daries and territories depending on them, their' districts, cities, mountains, rivers, lakes, and deserts/' ( 2 ) ^^ .wx cxfce particular details of all these seemed unnecessarily xK\ ^^^ ^^ ^^ compressed withm « small compass ; and in .V whtv««c volume, which is entitled Mesalek u Memalek, our plan >.x ;v\ic^cribe^ and to^ieHneate on raaps> the rarious ^seas or t)oeans ^ hioh surround the land, the inhabited and the desert islands, and e\rrv climate and region of the earth ; affixing the name of each> « so that it may be known in the maps ; and con^jiiiig ourselves to those countries which are the seit of Islatn^ and the residence of true believers. We begin with Arabia^ because the Temple of the Lord is situated there, and the holy Kadba* is the Navel of the World ; and Mecca is styled, in the sacred writings^ " the Parent City,' or " the Mother of Towns \. Then we proceed to describe the (j^^ (S^fJ^ Deryai'Pars, or Persian Sea, which bounds a portion of Arabia: then we speak of the western countries, S-^T*^ {tJ^frt) ZeTneen-i'Magreh (part of Africa) ; then we describe 4he land df Egypt, y^o JMHsr ; then Syria, JJU Sham ; then the fJJ ^^'J^ Deryai Roum, or Mediterranean Ocean ; then the ]^MYmcex)f <>jj^ Jezireh, Mesopotamia; then LpjS, ^Ij^ Irak AtHjtbi'y then ^UmJ^ JL/u^zt^to then (J^^Pfl^^ or Farsistan ; then ^jU->^:Krrmaii ; ithen .oi^A£u«e Mansoureh, the places bordering on Ju^ j oJm Sind and Hind, the confines of * nAxf The squaxe Temple at Mecca ; built, accordkig to Mohammedan tradidoDj^ by Abraham. i Omm'alkura. 1sy}^ A ( * ) Hindoostan^ axni such towns of these as contain Mussulman m* habitants: then we describie {j\^\^ ^of Azerbaigan^ and its territories; then (^Iw^^JjKbu&e^ ton; then ^L^^ci De(7?na/i; then the ^jdL C^ljj^ Deryai Khozr, or Caspian Sea, and the rarious na^ons siirrounding it ; then the deserts between (^LmI Khorasan and Far& ; then the province of (^U*M^km Seiestan ; then Khoraswi ^^d rJ^t^jU Maiveralnahr, 07 Ttaoso^aoia^ CHere, in the original manuscript, a hlank page occurs, on uihich was to hav^ heen delineated a general Map of the Worlds or the JEiastern ffemisphere.J The author of this work informs us, that such is the form of the earth, it* variqxis parts« inhabited and uninhabited. We have divided it into empires or states, Ouly^ memaleh : and the signi<- iication of thi9 word is L^l^O^ kingdoms; in the singular, ^»::O^Ay^ memlehet, one kingdom or sitate. Of all the regions of this earth, none is more populous, cidtivated, or flourishing, thai) the empire of (^lyl Iran, or Persia; the chief glory of which, in former times, was J^t/ Babel (Babylon.) This is the country of (j-^lj Pars : and the extent of this empire, in the time of the ancient Persians, is well known ; but the Mussulmans have since B 2 ( 4 ) jj^^p^j,^,^^^ «^MiM9«^Kes of the countries above enumerated ; such as ^^ s IC^.^04rfW% Natolia; and ^Li Sham, Syria; and ^a^ Misr, k^^l^'- •^^^^ (j*JoJl Andalus, Andalusia or Spain; and AAiiC^v^. the west (part of Africa), and part of Hindoostan ; ^\\k\ the territories of ojjjjotX^ Marisoureh, as far as (^UJU Multan ; and ^JU**JbL> jRTa&oZwtaAi ; and the borders of (^U»*j;Ls::' Tok- harestan ; and of (^^j^ Cheen, China or Tartary ; and ^Jj ImU Maweralnahr, or Transoxania. The author says, that he reckons, OS belonging to ^jj Roum, the borders of L-Oijuw Siklah, Scla- vonia ; of (j^jj Rous, Russia, >i^ Serir, and ^^^ I Allan, and i^j^^ Armen, Armcma,, where the Christian religion is professed ; ahd he places, as belonging to Hindoostan, c>JL»m Sind, and Cashmere, and part of cxy Tibet. " As for the land of blacks^ in the west (Africa), and the (jUioJ Zingians, ^Ethiopians, and such tribes (says the author), I make but slight mention of them in this book ; because, naturally loving wisdom, ingenuity, religion, justice, and regular government, how could I notice such people jEis those, or exalt them by inserting an account of their countries ? Yet one race of them has some degree of civilization and religious observance, the (^tujj Nubians, and (^Uii^x^ Habbeshians, Abbyssinians : the reason of this is, their vicinity to the other more polished countries ; thus ^uaj Nubia and ^k^.*Jp^ Habbesheh, Abyssinia, are situated on the borders of the ^ iXS Cy^U^c^ Derydi Kolzum, the Sea of Kolzum, or Red Sea. Nothing farther can be said in their favour/* ( 6 ) The region of Islam is superior to the others, because it is more extensive; from south to nojth, and from the western bay or gulph, connected with the ocean, to the borders of ^^^Jk^L« {j^ff^^ Cheen Macheen (the southern parts of China), and another bay or gulph, likewise joining the ocean, from the west (Africa), to qjmJoJI AndaluSy Spain. The author informs us that he has drawn a iine through this map, dividing it into two parts, and passing from the Persian Sea . to the land of Hindoostan, through the midst of the region of Islam ; likewise from the land of Egypt to the west of Africa. The inhabitants of the northern parts of these coimtries are of a fair complexion ; those who dwell still farther north are more fair skinned, and their climate is cold. The inhabitants of the south are of a dark complexion, and the blackness of their skins increases as they dwell farther to the south. . • On the east of the land of Islam are the regions of Hindoo^ Stan and the -^ji^lj ^Lijci Persian Sea; to the west lie ^yj Roum, and (j^\ Armen, and (^ifl Allan, and y^w Serir, and ^jdL Khozr, and (j*^jj Rous, andj\Jdj Bidgar, and c-jXiu^ ^ Siklab, and part of (^U*jgJy Turkestan. The land of Islam has to the north the empire of ^;^•A^ Cheen, and its various territories from the borders of Turkestan ; and to the south the Persian Sea, and the region of OOSow Sind. The Ocean bounds it to the west and to the south. ( ) Description of the Seas. The chief Seas are the (ji^^lj Cj^bjO Persian, ind j,jji C^Mj^ the Sea of Roum, or the Mediterranean, which are nearly op- posite : both join the great ocean. The Persian Sea is more ex- tensive in length and breadth, reaching to the land of ^^^^ao^ Cheen, and to the ^ii5 (^\jji^ Sea of Kolzum. From Kolzum to Cheen, in a streight line, is a distance of about two hundred men^ zil^ ; and from Kolzum to v-jJl-c Irak, by the way of the desert, is a journey of two months. From the (m^s:^ Jihoun, or Oxus, to the extreme boundary of Islam, on the borders of ^JLc J Ferghanah, is above twenty inerhileh* ; and, from those places to the coast of Cheen, is a very tedious way, because in these seas are various windings and turnings. * See the Preface. ( 1 ) m Of the Sea Ojf Jioufn^ or the Mediterranean, and other matters. , Tbtis sea comes firom the ocean, and extends from that narrow bay, or pass, between the west (Africa), and the land of qmJOsJJ idndahis, JSpam, to the coast of A^ Sham, Syria, a distance of seven months journey. This sea is of a more regular and even outline than the Persian; for, afler you pass the mouth of that bay before mentioned (Gibraltar), it is protracted in one line to the «id. From yau9 ^E^ypt to the extremity of the west V 7*^ Magrehp b a distance of an hundred and eighty merhileh. From the ex- tremity of the east to that of the west, is near four hundred meiiiil^. From ^^ Eoum, one comes to JJL Sham (Syria) in the course of sixty merhileh. From Sham to yo^ Egypt i^ thirty jneiMeh. The distance of the journey between the land of yj>l(; Yqjouge and jUJLj Bulgar, and the country of v^Xiui Siklab, is about four hundred merhileh; and from Siklah to ^^ Roijun, to the borders of Sham, sixty merhileh. From Roum to the extreme boundary of the {j^j^i^j-ii^ land of the Nubians,: about eighty merhileh*. ^ ( 8 ) Between ^rj^^ J ttJ^^- Yajouge and Majouge, and the northern ocean, and between the deserts of the Blacks and the other hmits of the ocean^ all is desolate and \¥^aste, without any buildings. I know not what are the roads or stages of those two deserts which are on the coasts of the ocean, because it is impos- sible to travel in them on account of the excessive heat, which * hinders the building of houses, or the residing there. Thus, also, in the south, no animal can exist, so excessive is the heat> nor any person dwell there. But between {j^^^ Cheen and the west S^jii^ Magreb, all is inhabited, and the ground cultivated, and the ocean surrounds the land like a collar or necklace. From this ocean proceed the (j^U iS^j^ Deryai Fars, Per- sian Sea or Gulph, and >^_^C^^<^ Deryai Rown, Mediterranean, but not the^jsL (^Ly^ Deryai Khozr, or Caspian Sea. If any person wish to make a circmt round this sea, he must set out from Khozr, and proceed throi^h the land of (^LvJL{c> Deilman, and (^U>m^^aL Tabaristan, and o^r^ Gurkan, and, turning by the desert, in the ticinity of o^ ^^-f^ Siah Kouh, or the Black Moun- tain, thus come back to the place from which he had set out, as nothing would impede him but the river which falls into the Caspian Sea. The Franks, in general, we speak . of as belonging to ^jj Roum (Europe), because they have the same religion and king> though speaking various dialects. < .9 ) The empire of {jj^ Cheen extends, in length, a distance of four months journey; and in breadth^ three. And when one comes from the mouth of the bay or gulj^ ^f^^ to the land of Mussul* .mans, the borders of ^Jj IjjU Mauweralnahr, Transoxania> it is a journey of three months* And when one comes from the east, and wishes to proceed to the west, by the land of the (jLu^ Nubians^ and the land of jff^f^ Khurkhiz, and of itjt GhurgheZ', Mid by viX^l^jJ' Kaimak to the sea, it is a journey of about four months. In die r^ons of Cheen there are various dialects : but all (^U^wJy Turkestan, and itjt Ghurghez, anjd ^Mts, Assah, and jtf^f^ Khurkhiz, and K^X^^jp Kaimak, and AJyc Ghurneh, and Axy^ fk. Khurnjiah ; the people of all these have the same language, and are of one kind. The chief place of the empire of Cheen is called (^fcX,.^ Humdan, as AAxLaxL^ Costantineh, Constantinople, is of Europe, or c^lOciu Bagdad, of the land of Islam, or ^ jaS Canouge, of Hindoostan ; but the land of Turk, ^^jf ij-frt) is separately situated, it Ghuz is the boundary of it from j^ Khozr to lSI^jJ^ Kaimnk, and to Khurnjiah and j\Jdj Bulgar, and the borders of the land of Mussulmans frcmi ^^UJ^ Gurkan to vijW Barah, 9Xi^ to K^\s^Senjah. When you pass from the territories of Kaimak, then it is the land of -.^c>cL Khederje, lying to the north, between it Ghuz and jAsL.^ Khurkhiz, and behind L-;XiuM Siklab ; and the land " whom it was forbidden to hunt on the Sabbath (or Sunday): ^' and God transformed them, and caused them to become " monkies*. tfT^K^ 3 ^ f ^ ^11 (^cV •9^jj^ DajiraJc, ?wid flowa to (^Oy^, i^^j^fs^ Ely^nMohdi, axx/i {^li^\j Rammm, ,9Xid then falls into the sea at oh^J (^^MahUrouiofii andthisMa/ii-roiaa/iisasmalltownV ifr^llrinhabited, and pleasant, the port for o^^' Jrghan, or the paf^s to it^ Then we qoi^e ^9 ^iywv*w Sinir, Y(Hdi is larger than Mahi-^roifiu^ ; and this £|i^ is the port of all Pars or Farsistan. From thence the s^^of e ^^irinds on to >jsr^ Bijerm. Betw^n A^Ua^. ^naheljL ^^i^(/gj|r^;t,,th^e are groves^ and ineadows, and villages ; and the air becomes very warm h^e. Froin this yo^ proceed to v^I-a*w Siraf, one of the most ample harbours in all Pars. Siraf is a large town {j^j^ (^[^j^ o'^' wJ' ^^^ of the eyes of the towns of Pars. Here there is not any husbandry or cultivation of ground ; and they bring water from a distance. c 2 ( 12 ) Passing from this along the shore, by places where there are hills and deserts, you come to the ojl^ (jjI {^y^2^ Hysn ehn omarreh. This is a very strong castle : in all Pars there is not any fort more strong, or in better condition; and it is thought that there is an allusion to the lords of tliis castle in that passage of the Koran, where it is said. '* And there was, behind them, a king who forcibly seized on •' every (sound) ship*. From this place you proceed to Jvcj* Hormuz, which is the port of (jL^jS^ Kirman. Hormuz is a well-inhabited and flbu- rbhing city : it abounds in dates, and the air is exceedingly warm. From this you go to J^^ Daibul, where there are merchahti^, who trade in all places. This is the port of the land of OJs^ Sind r and Sind is the same as ojjaoX^ Mansureh ; axid the re^on of ^Ulo) Lattian, as far as (^)J^ Cheen, txttatAs along the coast of Hindoostan, to cxy Tibet, and (^^j^I^ O^ Ckeen Macheen, beyond which no cme passes. • Koran, iJUsH CtjyM ChapUr (f the Cavern* This king^ according tt> some Mb* hammedan commentators, reigned in Oman. See Sale's Koran, Cbap* xviii.— -Po* cocK&'s Specim« Histor. Arab. p. 42»&c» -- ' ( 18 ) ft OfBajehf and Abyssinia, and Nubia. From ^i}J^Kolzum, on the west of the sea (the Red Sea), the dry deserts stretch very far, to the land of A3r^ Bajeh. The in- habitants of Bajeh are blacker than the Abbyssinians, like the Arabs* ; and they have not either cities, villages, nor cultivated knd — nothing but what they bring from Yemen, Abbyssinia, Egypt, or the land of the Greeks ^jIj^j i^j-frt)^ This country (BajehJ is situated between {J^^j^ Habesh, Abbyssinia, the land of iujj Nubia, and Egypt. In it are gold mines, which extend from near the borders of Egypt to a certain castle on the sea-coast, which they call cjLMX^^^a^f ; a distance of about ten merhileh. Among these mines is a place called i^^^ks, Allami, situated on a level ground. There are not in any quarter of the world such gold mines as these. In Bajeh they worship idols, or any thing that seems pleasing to their eyes. Those who immediately border on the land of Abbyssinia are Christians, and of the same complexion as Arabians. ♦ Probably it should have been " Blacker than the Arabs, and like the Abbys^ sinlans.^ t This word is sa equivocally written in the MSS. that it may be Assab, icc^ ( 14 > On the sea-coast there is a place called ^^j 2^ilaa, which is the port for those who go to Yemen and Jts:^ Hejaz. Then begin the deserts of ^uy Nubia. Hie Nubians are Chris* tians ; and their country is wider than that of the Abyssinians ; and the ^Egyptian Nile passes through their territories, and goes on to the land of the Zingians (Ethiopia) ; and one cannot proceed beyond that */* i€ t€ The sea continues to the land of ^UXj^ Zingbar, Ethiopia, opposite (jcXc Aden : thence it departs from the regions of Isl^m. Ethiopia is a dry country, with few buildings, and very little, cultivated ground* The leopard skins, and other spotted skins which are brought into Yemen, come from this place. Hie in- habitants are at war with the Mussulmans. There is in Zingbar a race of white people, who bring from other places articles of food and clothing. This coimtry produces little : the inhabitanta are not much inclined to the cultivation of arts or sciences. So far we have spoken of those countries bordering on the Persian Sea: Now we proceed to describe the regions of the West. The last sentence (which seems obscure) is literally, <^ and after that it is impossible to go on." i w ) ^7*-«^^^y^ CfMagreb (the WesiJ, or part of Africa. This western region is situated along the ^jj C^L? ;^ Medi^ terranean Sea, and is divided into two parts— -one, the eastern — the 4>ther, western. To the east»n division belong aSy Bar- kah, axiA ajjU^^^ lL^U Tahouth, and ^^^^gJ^ Melinjeh, snd (j^j^ Sus, wkd ^aJLmj Zouilah; and all on . : the sea. The western division esteonds to ^mJcXjI Andalus. The sea, to the east, reaches as far as Egypt From Egypt we proceed to ^.cX^ Mohediah, and i^j (<^ ^r? j^ Jezireh Beni Rebehi (or t^j RaaiJ, and o^^juoj Basireh, and aXj;1 Arblek, and (j^jM Sus, where are deserts without aiiy sort of habitations^ To the south of these places is sand» /MaprifiheWest.J ( 16 ) Alhdkem hen Hesham hen Ahdarrahman hen Moawiyak hen Hesham ben Ahdalmulk hen Merwan hen Alhakm*. The first of those who passed over to qaJcXjI Andalus was Ahdar^ rahman hen Moawiyah ; he conquered it in the beginning of the reign of the sons of Ahhas (Abbasides) ; and the government of it remains still in his family. Magreh (the west) or Africa, is chiefly remarkable for the black slaves : it is the land of blacks. The white slaves come from the quarter of Andalus ; and damsels of great value, such as are sold for one thousand dinars or more ; and mules fit for the saddle ; and the coarse woollen stuff, called /^-jL« cX^J Nemed Magrehi ; and coral, and ambergris, and gold, and honey, and silk, and «eal-skins. yL. j\^A oUL^ /c The Distances and Stages of Magreh, or part of Africa. From y^^ Misr to aS-i Barkah, twenty merhileh ; from Barkah to qmXjIJ^ Trahlis (Tripoli), twenty merhileh; from Trahlis to o'jrt^ Kirouan and v^-JtxLaii Shatif, sixteen merhileh; ( ^7 ) from Shatif to • to (j#rfli Fas (Fez), fifty merhileh; from Fas to f^^^^\(j^jM •« Sus-aksi, or Sus the boimdaiy, near thkty merhileh; from Kirouan to Siis-aksU about one hundred and sixteen merhileh. The whole distance from Misr to the botmdary of the eastern division of the west, on the Mediterranean Sea, is about six months journey. From Kirouan to aJLj j|J 2ioiulah, is a journey of one month; from Kirouan to Mohadieh, two days journey ; from Kirouan to the town of (j*Jy or (j*^j^ * three nderhileh ; from that to AiJo Tarfah, ten merhileh; from Tarfah to (jmjJLj Teneis (Tunis ^ J about sixteen merhildi; from Teneis to the (j^ Tahouth to ^^ U Bakour, thirty merhileh ; from Tahouth to AmL^Xs^ Se- je/maWtt fifteen merhileh ; and from ^j^li Fas to o^a^ Basireh, six merhileh ; and frrom Fas to ^ue;l Armeh, eight merhileh : and from Kirouan to A^wL^Asr*** Sejelmasah, by way of the desert^ is a journey of near fifty merhikh. • This name is so equivocally written Ui the MSS. that it may be Luks, Tules^ Bouks, Nuks, Sec. or Boutes, Nnbes, Tunis, &c. D ( " ) Of Amdatui, f^ part cf Spain. . From aaL J Cor tub ah (which is the chief town of All* dalus) to aaXam4 Sebiliah, is a journey of three merhileh; from 'Cortuhaft t^ • d^^ Stttfassah ot Sarkassah^ fiye ^-fn jobiiiey ; atid tK> ^J^ti^ Batilak^ thirteen days journey ( fipOtti Bdttilah l& 6^j\ Afdah, four merhUekj from Cortuldh io UjC Miikiahj i^^ee or four days journey i ftiMn Corfti- Irtlffc to ^jfj^ ^outieh, t^felv* days journey ; from K(AJtirieh U dt^iie Mar^h^ (oigA ^ys jtWrtiey ; froto Kdui4di t«> A^U NkKiah^ six days jdMMey ;< ^gvAn C^tubah tb AxLxldb T^letkth^ «kdfty»jd*tttiey; firdttl t&letlok to j^^jj^^li^i^lj flTadi drffc*yv»v twt) xkys jouimey ; frota &a2^U Mdftidh, 6t A2^U Mtjf^, td X^yJjf^ Sirth, twelVfe days jottitt^y ; and to tiie exJtfttnity X}f thfe district of S/r/n, (^Hj^ o^^^/^ livtj^ 'feyii : fhrfh Cortubah t6 L^-UJI {^j/sa^ Fahas-alilout, or Kahas-alitout, to the town called v^JJilx Chafek, one day^s joumciy; from Fahas-alilout to ^djdj Bilbilah, four days journey ; from Cortubah to a^*j^ J^^r- nouiah (or ^juiy3 Kornouifah), in the west, four days journey. Between a:^L^ Majeh and aaJUkm Sebiliah, on the road to o^Lo Mardah; from Farmouiah (or ^j^f Carmourah), to Sebiliah^ ( 10 ) tvdve days jomney; ifi»m 4s^' Asijeh* to 4JiJU Malaca^ near tem days journey; and from Mcdaca to the Jezireh, oyjsr ' Aljezireh, of the 0[jlL o^J^Jfcfoiicn*-^ Tarefe (Gibfaltar), fpur days journey ; from Cortuhah to a^^X^ Melisah, twelve days ; from LMj JU TizrsouiiiA to Melisah, twielye days lourney. (Here is a sudden transition to the African coast, not mark- ed itk the utrigindi Manusjsript by a^ny^iuisim, pr IJe^ad of a nem Section.) /dji Borkah 19 a town of a middlmg mzt, neillier gzeat nor small, wifdi an impioyed and wdl-inhabited neigbbouiiiood, all about which, on eyery side, is Ae desert wherein the (^IjjJjJ Barbarians reside- A Collector of Revenues, or Tax-gatherer, used to come here annuaUy from E^gypt, until the time that Ahdallah assumed the goymiment of tibie West. ^jJ^\Jk9 jrira^a2fis belongs to theji^^on of a^JI Africa. It is a town built of stone, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and a very strong place. .«yK>yo Ma^elia/iisasmall town, which was built by Abdailah * Probably for »>li|^ dseliUabf ^ tihe name.of Seville is sometimes written. D 2 ( 20 ) when he conquered the West : he gave it this name after him- self *• It is situated on the sea coasts From oUj^i Kiroium to this place is a journey of two days. iSu-aL Tiheriah is a smaH town, which produces deadly scoi> pions, like those of Leshkurf ; and here, out in the sea, coral is founds such as no other part of the world affords. The i^yrfj (J^ ^j^-r^ Jezireh Beni Rebehi is a populous and well-supplied town, inhabited by the -iw Berbers. Jf^^. Bdkour is a considerable town on the sea-coast, well-inhabited and strong. OjKaoj Basirek is also a large town, and well-supplied, situated opposite o-i j:^ Jezireh f or the place which they call v^jUa i/Ui?^ Jebal-tarek, Gibraltar. Between this place (Basireh) and Jezireh, the breadth of the sea is twelve farsang J. 'aXjj\ Arbilah is a large town on the sea-side: Arbilah and Basireh belong to the district of as^ Tanjiahy Tangiers, — (<^ ^ (j^y^ Sus-asJci is a considerable and fisrtile district, inhabit- ed by o^yr? J5er&er5. Aqs:'^ Tanjiah is an extensive district, ♦ Thi$ founder of the Fatemite Dynasty assumed the title of Mebedi, or Director of the Faithful; and began to reign Anno Hegirae 296, (Anno Domini 908.) 1" jXiU y^ The town of Leshkur, or Asker Mokreniy in the province of Khuzistarty in Persia ;— a considerabk city of die third elimate-— according to the Nozhat al Cohuby ** Of more salubrious air than any other place in Khuzistan, but abounding in scorpions J^ X On the subject of this> and other measures^ see the Preface. ( 21 ) in which are citie6, villages^ and deserts on the borders of jJjJ Berber, Barbary. The capital of this country is (j^^li Fas, Fez, in which resides ^^^Jc^U i^s^Xj lahia the Fatemite; for •• «• ^^^^yLU ,iiSS\o^ Abdallah the Fatemite has not yet conquered •• that place*. Bakour, andJezirehBeniRehehi, which we have before men- tioned, and about ten other towns in the vicinity of Tahouth^. are considerable. .<±^Ij Tahouih i^ the chief: it is a large town, well inhabited and supplied. The inhabitants practise agriodture :— rthey have been conquered by a people called ULujU Ba^na. aj^iLyJLar*** Sejelmasah is a town of middling size, belonging to the territories of Tahouth. One cannot enter Sejelmasah but by the way of the desert, which the sand renders difficult. This town is situated near the gold mines, between them and the land of the Blacks, and the land of aXjjJ 2jOuilah. These mines are said to be of the most pure and excellent gold ; but it is difficult ta work them, and the way to them is dangerous and troublesome. Tliey say that the district of l^ahouth is reckoned as belonging ta *^^l Africa^ - , • The Fatemite Djmasty commenced in theyedr of theHegira 296, (A. Df 908,) and lasted 172 years. — See D'Heubblot, Art. Fathemiah. ( 22 ) Shateif, is a considerable town, and wetl-inhabited, between l^ahouth and o|juaS Kirouan. The inhabitants are a tribe of Berbers, and called A^UJ^Xienama/i. Abdallah has sub- dued them ; and Abu- Abdallah, who was a servant of Abdallalh resides among them, and governs them. {j^jjfp Kirouan is the largest of all the towns. The tribes of Magreb all resided there ; and it was their chief place until the decline of tiieir government, when Abu^Abdaliah came forth, and conquered them ; «ince which time Abdallah dwelt at JfTir- mum, until he built the town of AjOyo Moh^diah x>n the sea- coast, and removed to that place. aJLijiJ Zoidleh is a town of middling size, with many territories belon^g to it : ' it is situated near the countiy of the Blacks. This land of tihe BSacks is a very extensive r^ion, but extremely dry. In die mount«ns of it are to be &nuKi all dae &uks whidi lihe Mohammedan world produces ; but they do not eat of them ; they have other fruits and natural productions &>r dieir food. Haeir skins are of a finer and deeper blackness than .that of any other blacks, whither i^Lk^s^ Habeshis, Abyssimans, or (^^^ Zingians, Ethiopians. And their country is more- exten^ve than- that of any other nation of Blacks : it is situated on the coast of the ocean to the $outh : to the north they have deserts which extend towards the deserts of Egypt : from behind -.L Wahh the desert ( 23 ) rtkches to near the Nubians ; then to the desert in the vicinity of ^^UjCT) ZUnghar. Whatsoever they get, comes to them from the weatem side, because of the cUfficulty of entering their country from any other quarter. Now we proceed to speak of the West, and be^ with an i^Dcaunt of fjhJiXi\ Andalus, or Spain. Andalas is an extensive and considerable country, with many large and flourishing cities, the chief of which is called aaL? J Cortuhah (Cordova), situated in the midst of the country* The ocean is on one side of Andalus, and the ^jj (^UjO Sea ofRoum (the Mediterranean) on the other, as &T as the Uu J {j^f^ Land of the Franks (France.) The first of die cities is (^wm Serin; thtrt a^^k^m^^ Husiniah, AaJL^mJ JsebUiah (or Sebilah, Seville), /J^cX»m Sedounah, Sido« ma, Jji)\j4 Maiuca, to the country of AmJ^ Afoulsah, and to AmJJL) Tolsah^ »m1 Jb^j^Jp TarMusc^ ; where there is {j^jf^^ Bar is, a town on the sea-side. Thence along the sea, belongs to the latid of the ihratoks } and on the dry side belongs to the cot»itry of .(ju^sKT^ jitf^kes^ 1^ oow»try ii» inhabited by a race of Qirfttians, and 'as :&r as tthe IsvA of ^j^jXL^ Biscowies belongs to the C3nistifims, as itkewide the territorkts of (;-^UJi;^ Jalekwi. There are two boundaries to Andalus ; one, the land of the Infi- dels (or ChriiitianB) ; the other, the Bea : and all those towns whidi we have spoken of, as being situated on the sea-coast, are considerable places^ and weU-inhabited* { ( 24 ) • Andahis is now in the liands of the aa^I ^^^^ Beni Ommiah, the Ommiades* ; and the ^jUkwUc AhhassianSj the Abbassides, have not yet snatched it from them ; nor has Ahdallah yet obtained the superiority over them. At the time that the glory of the Beni Ommiah was declining, one of that family, who was at aJL/T" Ahilahf passed over to the v^lLJoji:^^ ^r^j^ Jezireh JiheUta- rek, Gibraltar, and subdued Andalus, which still remains in the possession of the Ommiah race. These are the most remarkable cities of Andajtus ;— AJUaxJlL Toleitlahy ^ujcXm Sedounah, o^i/ Lardah, o^lsr^' (S^^J Wadi al hejareh, aJIsL-j Barkhalah, ^jjj Bournah {^[^us^ Hesan, o^U Mardah, ^p^U Mahou, v^Jiili Ghafek, aJU) Leilah, ^j^f Fermouiah (or ^j^f Karmouiah), oC^jjj^ Mouroudah, ajXka^ I Asebiliah. Hiese are all considerable towns, and for the greater part their buildings are of stone. Aj[s^ Behaneh is situated in the vicinity of deserts. Sirinf, on the coast of the ocean : there ambergris is found, but not in any place on the Mediterranean Sea. The author of this book says, " At the time when I was in JJL Syria, on the coast of the • The Ommiades retained their empire in Spain long after they had ceased to govern the other regions of Islam; where the Abbassides began to reign A. H. 132, (A.P, 748.) The Ommiades possessed Spain until the year of the Hegira 424, (A. D. 1032.) — Bin Shonah in D'Herbelot, Art, Ommiah. t ^^ Sometimes written ^^^ Nesrin and ^^jm»>j Basrin. I ( 25 ) » f* ^jU (^\jji^ Mediterranean Sea, something was thrown up, f^ and I afterwards heard that at Sirin such was every year ^' thrown on the shore : this is a certain thing which they caU ^_^ mouhi. ,«embli,« fme beaver, or .uw sUk , it rub, itself against the stones on the seashore, and its plumage , or' f^ down, comes ^*, which tiie people come and gather, and •** weave intQ garments." The kings of Andalus are very fond of this stuff, andi Will not allow it to be exported ; and they, have garments ^df it which. cost above a thousand dinars. €1 €€ t JLe Malaca produces the JuLmj make the halidles of iswords. v-JJjlL ou^ Jezireh Tarek, Aljezireh, was the first seat of Islam, in this country. The u^tU Juai» JeheU Tarek, Gibraltar, is a well-inhabited mountain, with villages or small towns on it ^ it is the extreme point and last pass of Andalus^ ^ « ^SiifSia Toletilah Isl a city situated cm a lofty mountain : the buildings are of marble, or hard stones, fastened with lead. About this city there are seven hills, all «ciiltitated and inhabited; and * This thing original b as follows : t I muft acknowledge my ignorance of this creature, and my suspicion that there is '^ error in ^e writing of die word. ( 20 ) likewise a river equal to the aJL^O Dejleh, or Tigris : the name of that river is ^u:^U Nahiah ; it proceeds from the town called o UM Sarrah, and they call that district JLm /Ju ^Out Me- den heni Salem. q03 Kedah is a considerable district, the chief town of whidi is called o^cXd^t Arhadouh : from this place came ftAOta^ ClH J jr^ Omru hen Hafsou. i^^JbJ t {j^is:? Fahas^ilout is a flourishing and considerable district, the capital of which is called v.Jiit^ Ghafek. ^^j-i Bourmah was a large city, but has been ruined during a contest between two tribes or parties who were in the town, one of which called to their aid the (^UiUl^ JalekicaUy who came and plimdered and destroyed the place. In Andalus the Beni Ommiah, or family of the Ommiah sove- reigns, are pre-eminent. The Khutbah* is read in their name* The cities of the JaUkians are, o(^;L« Mardah, oJ^ Herahy j\s^^ C^Olj Wadi al hejar, AiLAIb country of the JaUkians bordering on Andalus, whidi they call ojyi^\ Astourah ; and the king of the Jalikians resides in a city called kJuI Abnez, which is far from the land of the Mussulmans- But of all the tribes of Infidels (Christians) who border on An- * juLi^ A prayer for die refgning lung, read every Friday in the.prinoipal mosques* i i7 ) 4ahis> the most' itmnerouft are the kSjS Franks. Their king is caSied 6^ Farah*. The Jalekiam> though a considerable people, are n6t so nnmetxHis as ^ese. Tbe smaUest tribe of all these Infidels an^ those whom they call qmJ^umI Askounes ; but they are said Ho be one of the most biaYe and manly. There is a race alsacalled QigJuiiJLar^ Ajilsekes, a tribe of veiy bad people, who live betwtoi Askounes and Frank. Of the jj-j Berbers, who inhabit Andalus and Magreb (Spain and Africa), there are two kinds ; one called Berber, the other qmJU Beranes. ^J^ Feikerah, and aiUXo Mekianah, and oOl^ Houadah, and aJ^jOo^ Mediounah, are of the Berbers in Andalus ; and ^u«lJLf Kenamah, and ajIj^ Rebaiah, and oi^A.yjwa« Masmoudah, and aXJLj Bilbilah, and aa^U^I^ Tehiahiah, are of the Berai^s. The Rebaiah dwell in the districts of ^jd^J Ta-^ houth ; and the Kenamah in the vicinity of ^wiJajS;! Shateif. In Andalus are several mines of gold and silver. In the district of o^ Sarrah and ajuj.^, Marsafah, near aaJo J Cortuhah, there is a plice called {j^y Koules. Here, and at aJLtixJLL Tolitelah, are many sables or martins ( jj^**')- aJLijJ 2^uialahf is a place which abounds in black slaves; but the inhabitants are of a brown complexion, though at a dis- ♦ Or }ij\5 Karak. t Here feems a fuddcn transition (not unfrcqucnt in Oriental writings) from Spain to Africa —This place is, probably, the aLjjJ Zouileh before mentioned. £ 2 1 C 2a ) tance from the south. In the eastern parts they are darker^ and have light-coloured eyes — some- more remote, have fair com- lexions, with blue eyes, and reddish hair: one race of them has black eyes^ , and black hair — these are said to be descended from the Arabs of the tribe of JLwx ^^^Ju Ghusaz. Between Magreb and the country of the Blacks, there are deserts, of which but a few places are accessible by any road. Between AAJuJt Afiikiah and vi^^lj Tahouth, there is a small tribe», called ol^ Sberah*, The kings of Andahis are of the Beni Ommiah family, and the. Abbassides have not yet had the Khuibah^ in their name. These, kings .of Andalus are descended from Ud^lo^ (^ JJL Hesham hen Ahdalmolk, and still have the Khutbah in their^ own name. Their kings, at this time, are Ahdarrahman Mo^^ hammad ben Ahdallah.hen Mohamnied.Ahdarrahmaji^. ^ Sec Note, p. afr." t ^^ps^J!^ 0^ «W^ (2^ ^ 4Ni^^ (j-^^y <^ '^^ original has«^ ^^L&^L kings, in the plural. But it appears that our author alludes to Abdarralmian^ . the third of that name, who (according to D*Herbelot, art. Abdalrahman) reigned 6o years in Spain, and died in the year of the Hegira 350, (A. D. 961), after violent con^^- testa about the.rig^t of suocefCon between the Ommiades and Abbassides. ( 29 ) Account of Egypt: m * One of the boundaries of Egypt b^ns from the ^jj c^bjii Sea ofRoum, between ajjcXaXmiI Isfcanderia/i (Alexandria) and. i3jj Barkah, at the deserts behind ^Jj fTahh; proceeding to the land of the. Nubians, and to the land of Aar^ Bajeh, and back from (^U>wi Asouan to the Sea of Roum; and from Bajeh, to the ^ilS C^ljji^ Sea of Kolzum (the Red Sea), till it comes to the Uaj*» j^ Tour Sina (Mount Sinai), in the territories of the Child]?en ^of Israel; ^ From the coast of the Sea of Roum to the land of the Nubians biehind ^Jj Wdhh, is twenty-five merhileh. From the borders of Nubia you must go eight merhileh to the south; from ^jA^ Kolzum, on the coast of the Red Sea, to the Jolj**il (^ aaj Tiah heni Israel, or Desert of the IsraeHtes, six merhileh ; and from the sea to the borders of that Desert,- or Tiah, where it is bounded by the Sea of Roum, eight merhileh ; from ^^1^ I Asouan^ to the Sea of Roum, twenty-five merhileh. « Now we present a map of this country;. ( ao ) The chief city of Egypt is called LUami Fostat,* situated on the bank of the River Jk^* Nile to the north. The Nile flows from the east ; and all ^lis city is situated on one side of it. Near to it are certain edifices, called v t!j^ Jezireh, or the Island, to which they pass from Fostat on a bridge ; and from this Jezireh they have constructed a bridge to the other bank, where there is a place called vjA^^^ Jeirah. The extent of the city is about two thirds of a l^sang c it is very well inhabited, and supplied with provisions ; all their houses are seven or eight Stories high. Near the town is a place called y^ crocodiles, and the fish j^juJuw /^U sekenkour : and there is also a species of fish, called oO^\j raa- dah, which if any person take in his hand while it is alive, that I ( 33 ) person will be affected by a trembling of his body* ; when dead^ this fish resembles other fishes. The crocodile's head is very long^ so long as to be one half of his whole form ; and he has such teeth, that, if a Hon were to come within their hold, he would be destroyed. It sometimes happens that the crocodile comes out of the water on the dry ground ; but he has not then the same powers as when in the water. EQs skinis so hard that it resists the blows of all weapons when stricken on the back : they therefore wound him where the fore l^s join the body (literally, under the arm pits) J and between the thighs. The jJuiuj sekenkour is a species of that fish (the crocodile), but the croqodile has hands and feet ; and they use the sekenkour in medicinal and culinary preparations. This creature is not found any where but in the river Nile. • From (^1^1 Asouan, along the batiks of the Nile, as far as the sea, the country is all inhabited and cultivated. On the southern side of the Nile there is a place called u\ax>m Saied, where are mines of tX^^^-j^ zeherjed*, and emeralds (Ow«J zem- md) far in the desert ; and beside these there are not any mines of those precious stones. On the northern side of the river Nile, • The original is very obscure : it may signify that the fah*s body is afiected by aa extraordinary tremulous motion while life remains, t Chrysolite, kind of emerald, topaze, beryl, &c. ( 33 ) near Fo8tat> there Is a certain hill^ called Jdx^ Moazem, in die Ticinity of which is found the stone ^jiJ^L^ khemahen; and this hill extends to the land of ^e i^lijj lounans (Greeks) : And near that hill^ in the district of Fostat^ is a buiying-place, where the tomb of Shafsei^ is situated ;— the Lord be merciful to him { ^ujcXaXmjI Eskanderia, Alexandria^ is a considerably town, built on the sea-side : the houses, and other edifices, are of marble. And out in the sea there is a o^UU minareh, or watch-tower, of hard stone, and very lofty ; it contains about three hundred houses : No one without a guide can arrive there. Of the buildings at Fostat, on thie bank of the Nile, all that are above the city are called cXxxm^ Saied, and all that are below the city are called ^^iij 2^if. At the distance of two far- sai^ from Fostat, there are some ancient structures, called Jj^\ Ahouam; of which two are very lofty piles, and called (^U^ How nan : these are each, in height, four hundred y guz\ : And on the walls thereof are inscriptions written in the Greek language {^\jyS) ; ahd^this writing is said to signify, " the building of ^ Hounuin and Sertaier {was) in the sign Cancer X.'* These * ^li» One of the chief Doqtors of the Mussulmans, who was born at Gaza, A, H. 150, (A. D. 767,) and died A. H. 204, (A. D. 819.) t See the Preface. r (, 34. ) edifices are quadi:!mgular> and, gradually diimnish towards the summits, which are about large enough for a caimiel to stand on ; within them there are passages in which a man cannot go without some difficulty. And in Houman is a cleft, or excavation, under the ground, supposed to have heen, with some appearance of pro- bability, the burial-place of the ancient sovereigns of this country. . The land of c^Ui*lj fFafiat ,was a pleasant -and ctiltivated district, with trees, and water, and matiy inhabitants ; but nond at present remain. It abounded also in fruits. From the Egyptian Saied jkq^ ^^^t^-^^ Saied Misr, to the land of ^\j.ff7ihh, in the south, is a journey of three days ; arid from that a small desert extends towards the land of the Blacks. ' v The sea which borders Egypt ip bitter ; but whwe the river Nile poiu"s into it, and overcomes it, the. waters of the sea- are rendered sweet. Farther out, when the waters of the Nile are confounded with the sea, the bitterness again predominates. In this sea there are islands, to which one may pass ovier in. boats or Vessels. Of these islands are ^jmaJu Tenets (or xj**^ Teihes\ and LU^^ Damiat. In each of these agriculture is practised, and cattle are kept ; and the kind of clothes called ^^j rejia, (dr 2^aSj rekia), comes from these places. The waters of this sea are not very considerable, and vessels ( aa ) move on it by help of men^. It produces a certain fiah lX^ like meshkf, which is called (jjSii^ delfin (dolphin) ; and tins is a fish of which if any person eat, he will be troubled with hor- rible dreams. From the. borders of this sea, to those of the sea of Am Syria, it is all sand. . The town of m«jua^I Ashmouein is small, but well-inhabited^ and unproved by agriculture; it produces dates: ahd opposite (j^ju^yMjl Ashmoueiti, on the north of the river Nile, there is a httle town called J^jJ Bouseir, where Merwan heruMohammed was slain. It is said that the magicians of Pharaoh were from this jMij BjBSein {pt jtt^yi Bouseir, as beforie written.) (^1^1 Asouan is a place which produces dates. Agriculture is there much practised, wkyTiLl Akhmim is situated amid the sands of the desert ; but it is inhabited, and affords dates. It is said that DhuVNounXi the Egyptian, was of this, place. . , • • • , L«y Ferma is situated on the sea-shore. It is a pleasant and cultivated spot. In it is the burial-place of fjf^jX^[:ji^ Jalinous t Meshky or mlshk^ signifies mush. X (jj>^' ^^ Much celebrated among the Mussulmans for his piety, and founder of 4he religious sea called Soufi, died in-EgypU A, H. MS (A. D. 859.) F 2 < «0 ) (Oalen) the Grecian. From Fenna to ^jujSj Tweis u a distance of two farsang by this sea. ■ Teneis is a vast pile or heap erected oyer thfe bodies of die dead^ • • • • which were placed one above another until they formed a pile ; which pile was called ^ J Terkown : and this must have been done before the time of Mbses^ on whom be the peace and bless- ing of God ! — for, in the time of Moses, according to the religion of the Egypidans, the dead were interred— -a custom whidi w^s continued afterwards by die Christians, and is still practised by the Mussulmans. The author of this book says, that he himseff had seen some of those bodies in their shrouds, or winding-sheets; with bones and skeletons of immense size. There are some places on the river Nile which the croco^es do not infest, near Fostat and Bouseir ; and the (j*-v**^ ' {j^ Aien-- aUshems, or Fountain of the Sun, lies to the south of Fostat. These two places are said to have been villas or pleasure-houses of Pharaoh. On the top of Mount Jom^ Moazem there is a place which they call the stove or furnace {jy^) of Fharaoh. In the vicinity of Fostat, there grows a plant, called j^mjAj balsam, from which the oil is extracted. This is not to be found in any other part of the world* The lefl side of the Nile is called w[^ Khouf. In this divi^ i i^ ) %ion are sittiated AMaL^ Kiasah, and jf^f^ Jerjeir, and^^U Kdkour. The c^posite division, on the right side of the river Nile, they call 'wSl) Zeif. These two places contain the chief villages of Egypt. The gold mines are in the land of Aa^ Bajeh. From (^1^1 Asouan to that place is a journey of fifteen farsang. The country where those mines are situated is sandy^ and without any hills, fields, or tilled land : it furnishes slaves for Egypt. Th^re are asses and mules, of considerable value, in Egypt : no other country produces such. The district of Asouan afibrds asses not larger than sheep, which will not live when brought out of that country; and in the land of cXax»m Saied there are Sclavo- nian asses, (^yji^ (j^f^ Kheran SiJclahi. The Egyptians say that the land of Khefa, or ^UUaL Khefakar, was inhabited and cultivated in the time of Pharaoh. Description of Sham, or Syria. The western side of Syrm is bounded by j^j^ Rown*; the eastern, by the desert from aAjI Aileh to the v^l J Forat (river Euphrates), and from the Euphrates to the borders of Roum. To * Perhaps the word b^ {Sea) hat beenlierc omitted : The Sea of Roum, or Mcv diterraneaiu ( 38 ) the north of Syria lies the land of Roum; and to the south are th^ borders of Egypt, and the Jof^l ^^ aaj' Tiah heni Israel, or Desert of the Children of IsraeL ("Map of Syria. J Of the cities and towns which are situated on the east and west of Syria, it is unnecessary here to make any mention, as we have already pointed them out in the map. Some places are called AiijAju Seghur Sham, or frontiers of Syria: others are called o-ii^ Seghur Jezireh, or frontiers of Arabian Irak, or Mesopotamia, because all bordering on one half of the Euphrates belongs to Syria; and from axIoLo Meltiah to {J^j^ Meraash is called the Seghur of Jezireh, because people of Jezireh reside there, and it belongs to Syria. The hills of ^ KJ ojf LeJcam extend for two hundred farsang into Roum; and the OLmI jI^ Dar aVsalam (the mansion of salvation or peace) is between Meraash and JuJjjld Harauniah ; and the euj I ^jj^ Aein Arbah, or Fountain of Arbah. After having passed JiA^oJ Ladikiah, it is called ^K) o^ Mount Lekam. From that, the continuation of this mountain is called j^^ Soukh, as far as (j^ezsr*^ Memehes ; and from that, throughout all Syria, ( 3Q ) ■ • it is called ^jUJ Libnan (Lebanon), till it comes near the Sea of Kciznm (Red Sea.) The borders of i^^A^t^Ai Palestine are two. days journey to the west, from the place called x^ Remaa to the borders of jij^ Behour ; and the breadth of the borders of Palestine, on the western side, is also, from that place to UUb Bilkd^ two days journey; and the land of the tribe of Lot, i^ ^j3 (Sodom, &c.) and ojs^ Baherah, and Taberah, all that is situated between the two mountains, they call jji: Ghour. It is lower down than the land of Syria; and part of it is reckoned as belonging to {^^j\ Arderiy and part to Palestine. The water of Palestine is rain water, Palestine is about one half # of Syria ; and the chief cities of it are aX^ Ramleh^ and the Q#AjJiyJI OiAj Beit-almokeds, Holy House, or Jerusalem, which iB situated on a hill. Here is a mosque (cXs:***^), or temple, than which there is not, in all the land of the Mussulmans, one more large. Here also is the v^I jss!^ Mehrah, the chief altar of David, • on whom be peace! — a building of about fifty guz high, and thirty broad, of stone. On the top of this is the Mehrab of David; and this is the first object that presents itself as one comes from Ramleh. ..14 At a distance of six miles from Jerusalem is a village called ^^sr*^' Caaj BeitAllehem (Bethlehem or Bethlem.) Here Jesus, on whom be peace! was.boim of his mother; and it is M said that the date or palm tree, of whose fruit Mary ate. ( 4(> ) tod which is celebrated by mention in the Koiatif^ has been?, placed in the dome or vault which is here, and held in high ve- neration and respect. From Bethlehem, on the southern side, there is a small town, called the >>^'yl Ocsc***^ Mesjed Ibrahim, or Temple of Abra- ham : and in the mosque where they pray on the high feasts, are the burial places of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, (may peace be on them!) and those of their wives are opposite. Here are many hills and trees : all the hills of Palestine are covered with trees ; and there is much fruit, olives, and figs. ^j*AjIJ Naholis is a town of which the inhabitants are called (^.j^Lm Samarian; a people who have not any other residence* In the extreme borders of Palestine, in the vicinity of Egypt, there is a city, called oic Ghazah, which ^JJIcXxc (j^ jJL\J> Hashem ben Abdullah conquered^ and in which /^xiU* Shafcei^ 0* was bom. ■ iJ\j^Jebal, and of Ja Sherah, are two well inhabited and pleasant districts. The chief town of Jebal is called o;Ol Ade- * Koran, chapter 19, ^^ Cr^^ Chapter of Mary, t Sec Note, p. 33, ( 41 ) mh; of Sherah, Rouad. These have been conquered by the \ Arabians. {jC^j\ Arden, the chief town of which is AjyJL^ Tiberthah, or Tiberiah, on the banks of the cC^aJ" (S^.J^ Small Sea, or lake/ whose wateis are sweet, and its length twelve miles, and its breadth two or three &rsang. — Here is a running stream of water, very warm, which goes on for about two farsang, and, when it reaches the town, is exceedingly hot. In the. district of j^ Ghour, snow is almost imknown; but dates, and streams, and fountains, abound. It commences at the borders of {^Ckj\ Arden; and when it passes them, it extends to the boundary of Palestine, and in like manner reaches to aJLjI Aileh. jy^ Sour (Tyre) is a very strong town, situated on the sea- shore. It is the most ancient of all the cities on the coast ; and all the Grecian philosophers (^Luj (jL^J^ came from this place. o^J^ Arden was the dwelling-place of Jacob, to whom be peace! Demeshk (Damascus) is a chief city, the right hand of the cities of Syria.^ It has ample territories among tlie f U tfU^ ^^^. '^^J^jji tfj^,a^ Hemes (Emessa), a place well-supplied with provisions, and of excellent air. The inhabit* ants are celebrated as being handsome. Neither scorpions nor serpents are found here. It is copiously watered ; the lands are oultiTated, and rthere are many trees. There is also a church l(AA»MiJLr aOlusistbonehurch, JEccZes/a), to which there is not, in size, way church of Syria isqual : ^ Shehirz and L^^^ Hema are two small towns, agreeably situated, with good water, and many trees, and much cultivated land, qm^^k^ Mesres is a town and district supplied with rain water. oyAjcL Khenaserah is a small town on the borders of the* desert. JLsai^l^ Gherahelm is ft district, of which the chief town is aaJTUojI Antdkiah. After Demeshk, there is not any place more delightful. It has a fortification of stone, and abounds in planta- tions of palm and other trees, cultivated fields, water, and mills, Round the territories a horseman may go for two days. The Water flows through the streets, and amidst the chief buildings. There is a place which they call the t^j^ ^r*^ Sekhreh Mousi, or Rock of Moses, to whom be peace ! (j*J \J Balis is a town on the banks of the river Euphrates* ^i^^ Menje is situated in the desert : rain-water is made use of there. A3rA-*^ Saiheh is a small town, where there is a bridge of stone, called the A3z^^ »j1^ Kentereh Saiheh, than which, in all the land of Islam, there is not a more extraordinary bridge. LLwjkY*** Samisat is a town situated on the river Euphrates. jy£tX^ (jj • trees. o'-^Vi^ Nethinan is a fortress on the sea-coast : from this place they send into Egypt and Syria the wood of the fir-tree, ( -jaJLa^)- A*wjkj Keisah is also a castle or fortress on the sea- shore, ^jij (i>^ Aien-Tkiriah is a place which produces dates and other fruits, and much com. dj^OLK^a^ Masisah and \^jjJl^ Kufertoiuna are two towns situated on the banks of the river ^isd^^^ Jihan. Between these two towns there is a bridge of stone. The situation of these towns is so high, that if a person should look, from the top of the mosque, he would see almost as far as the ocean. aJol Adneh is a little town, about half the size of Masisah, on the banks of a small river called ^jls-i^ Seihan. The town is pleasant,, and well-supplied. The river Seihan is less than the river Jihan : over it there is a very lofty bridge of stone. Both the Seihan and Jihan come from Roumu {j^j^Ja Tarsous is a considerable town, with a double wall of ( 46 ) Stone. The inhabitants are valiant men, horsemen, and fond of war* like achievements. It is a strong and pleasant place. From it to the borders of Roum are many hills and mountains of difficult aaeent. They say that in Tarsous there are above a thousand horsemen ; and in all the chief cities of Islam, such as Seiestan, and Kirman, and Pars, and Khuzistan, and Irak, and Hejaz, and Egypt, there are inns, or public places, appointed for the pe<^le of tliis town. > Q^i'jl Awlas is a fortress situated on the sea-shore : the inha* |>itants are a people who worship God* ; and it is the ex- treme boundary of the Mussulman territories on the coast of tlic Sea of Roum, m3j Rekem is a town situated near UJLj Bilka: all the walls and houses are of stone, in such a maimer that one would imagine they were all of one piece. The land of the tribe of Lot (iaj)^) is called AjJLiLyJI vj^^l Aredz - Almokloubah ; that is, the land turned upside-down. Neither com, nor herbage, nor cattle, are foimd here : the ground is black ; and stones are seen scattered about, which one would imagine to be the stones showered down on that wicked racef . t Sec Koran, %ar^' '^^^ chapter ofHejr, (so called from a district in the province ofHejax.) 3^- y^ cj^ ^^ u>.5 ^i^Jis L. i«Ji* uw ^^ i::cct«i' f^i^ii " Wherefore a terrible storm from Heaven assailed them at sun>rise, and we turned ( ^1 > ^^bu Moan is a small town in possession of the {i^ Ls^) ■• Ommiades. (j^'t^J Bagheras is a town in which there are publick inns, erected by ocXjjJ Zeibdeh, or Zebideh ; and in all Syria there are not any besides, ^^jf** Serout is a pleasant town, in the district of Demeshk, on the borders of the Sea of Room. Auzai, the author of the Chronicles 9 dwelt there*. Distances of Places in Sham and Jezireh. The length of the roads of Sham is taken from AxiqAJU Meli-^ tiah to i^j Remah. From Melitiah to ^^ Menje is four days journey; from Menje to v^L^ HaZe&, Aleppo, two days jour- ney ; from Haleb to (j^^^^ Hemess, five days journey ; and fron* Hemess to v-Jimj^^ Demeshk, five days journey; from aJU^ Ramlah, to ,^^ Remah, two days journey : total, twenty-five days journey. Between ^j^l Ardeny and {^^'^ Hemess, and v.Jimj^^ Demeshk, the extent is not more than a journey of the city (Sodom) upside down, and rained on them stones of baked clay," The first passage is translated by Maracci, (Alcor. Vol. II. p. 383,) " Sustulit erg^i eos clamor (Gabriclisj ad ortum soils pervenientes." I have offered some remarks on this passage in the Oriental Collections, Vol. I L p. 131, ( 48 > three days ; because that from Demeshk to ^jmJUI Jd TrdboUs is a journey of two days along the sea towards the west ; from the extremity of dXayt Ghoutah, to that place where it joins the desert towards the east, is a journey of one day ; from Hemess to ^u^^jJLmi Selimiah, in the desert, one day's journey to the east ; from ajjaL Tiheriah to jya Sour, in the water (l-^I j^), one day*s journey ; from that to the borders of v^Jui FeiJc, in the territories of the vj^f L5^ Beni Farareh, to the east, about the same distance. Such are the length and breadth of Syria; and the distances from one place to another are these, beginning from Palestine, which is the chief part of Syria to the south, and its capital ^Xcj Ramlah, from which to the town of Lo;lj Barmah is half a merhileh ; from Palestine to (j^XiuwJC Ascalon, is one merhileh, to 9 j£ Azzah, one merhileh ; from Ramlah to the fj^OJi^ I Beit Almokeds, or Holy House (Jerusalem), one day's journey ; from llamlah to ^u^Lwjo Caisariah, one day's journey; from Ramlah to (j*AjLJ Naholis, one day's journey ; from that to y^ Zaar, one day's journey; from that to the o\Ji4 o^j Mount Sherah, one day's journey ; and from the Mount to the extremity of the country, three days joiuney. The chief town of ^OjV Arden (or Orden) is ^uydo Tiber- theh, or Tiberiah ; from which to^^^ Sour is a journey of two ( 40 ) fiursang ; from that to (j^tyU Bahias, two days easy journey ; from that to a^ujJ^ Akehseh, one day's journey. i^C^JVArden is the smallest district of Syria. v.JumoO Demeshk is the chief town of the district of that name. From that to UCJiju Baalbek is a journey of two days ; and to Trabolis/two days ; and to IcXajw? Seida, two days ; and to lx;^l Aderaa, four days journey ; and to the extreme boimdary of Ghouteh, one day's journey ; to {j\jj^ Houran and ik/JuBeniah, two days journey. The chief town of tibe district of ^^-mjJo Kanserin bears the sam^ename; biit the governor's palace^ the markets/ great mosques^ . and public buildings^ are at u^ds^ Haleh.* From Haleb to v^Ij Thar eh is. one day's journey ; from Haleb to {j^j^ Kons, also one day's journey; and from Haleb to ^^Menje, two days journey. A^JllaJl Antdkiah is the chief town of the district of f^^ Gherasem. From that to ^uoOJ/ Ladikiahis a journey of three days : from that to (j^^j^ Bagheras is one day's journey, and to i-jjLi Thareb, two days journey ; and to Hemess, five merhileh: from that to (ji^y« Meraash, two days journey ; and to ^Oc^ Hedeth, three days journey. This frontier has not any common capital ; but each town is independent in itself. f^ Menje is situated near this frontier. From Menje to the H ( 50 ) Euphrates is one easy merhileh : from Menje to (jm^ KouSt two merhileh; and from Menje to aaIoJU Melitiah, four days journey ; and from Menje to LLMXy^ Sumisaty two days journey; and from Samisat tojyoX^ {^hrr^ Hysn Mansoijr, one day's journey; from Hysn Mansour to Melitiah, two days journey ; and from Hysn Mansour to vjxLxi Netirahy one day's journey; and frtmi Hysn Mansour to d^cXsw Hedeth, one day's journey ; and from Hedeth to (j^y« Meraash, a journey also of one day. Those are the distances of the Ojj^ jjju Seghur Jezirah. Now we proceed to the distances of places in the J^ j^^ Seghur Sham. From ^ujjOJJ^l Eskanderouiah to (jJja^ Masisah, as far as Ajxil Aditheh, one day's journey; from Aditheh to (j^^vm J> Tarsous, one day's journey; from Tarsoiis to {j]jjss^ Houran, two days journey ; and from Tarsous to (j*^^jl Aulas, on the Sea of Rx)um, two farsang : from Anbas* to ^k***JJoKenisah, and AfJjjli^ Harouniah, one day's journey, or less ; and from Haroun- iah to Meraash, which belongs to the S^hour, or frontiers of Jbezireb, is a journey of one day. * (^LJt jfnias, undoubtedly the same that was before written crX^t Julas^ ( «1 ) ^X> f^' /^ Description of the Sea of Rown, or Mediterranean. The Sea of Roum is a bay or gulph^ proceeding from the great (dcean at qmJc>J| Andahis. Between 9 jAj^ Basireh, and between the lan4 of ax^ Tanjeh and z^f.^f^ Jezireh, there is a certain knoUntain^ which they call v,J[^lUl ^\j islam. • Or (^IaJI Anbas. H 2 ( 52 ) A.yAXS Kelimah, or ax^ Kelmiah, is a town which belonged to tlie cj^^jj Roumians; and there is a gate at fj^j^Ja Tarsous, which they call A^jJii i-jU Bab Kelimah, or the Gate of Kelimah* Kelimah is at a distance from the sea. About a merhileh*s distance from that, there is a village on the sea-shore, called (VNuo^ Lames ; from that village the country is Roum. aa/^UoiI Antakiah \b a very strong fortress, belonging to the Roumians, situated on the sea-shore. It is well-inhabited, and has many villages depending on it. The bay on which it is situated is of bitter or salt water ; and they call it the Bay or Gulph of Costantinah ^uuJqJLLmo ^f^ *' A chain is (or may be) drawn across this gulph, to hinder any one from passing there from the sea or elsewhere ;" ♦ and this gulph falls into the Sea of Roum. On the side of Roum there are shores which they call the coasts of Asas* (jJ^\ (Jo^l^ and Roumiah ^<^jj These are two well-inhabited and considerable towns, with villages and tilled lands : they belong to the Christians, and are situated near the sea. Asas is the place from which came the i^^jj, (^L^xXa^ (Grecian Philosophers. Roumiah is one of the props of the king- dom of the Christians ; they have one throne {i^J^) at Anta- kiah, one at ^jOJLCmI Eskanderouiah, and one at Roumiah; and the throne which they have at ^j^oJiyJ I cxu Beit al Mokeds • «^^ b^ jl A,i.C l^' u-.JC^lJ AiL Q J^ aLJL. jfA^ ^^ ( 53 ) (Jerusalem) did not ddst in the time of the Apostles {^\jj\jsL), but has been introduced for the greater honour v and aggrandise^ ment of that city. From those places the sea prdceeds towards the coast of Udy Frank, and, passing by aaJULm (Sicily), goes on to a^j^hJo Tarsousah, belonging .to the land of (jiJoJl Andalus. r r I *. .We hayealrwdyspofcen of the cities, towns, and coasts, of Magreb, and Egypt, and Syria, to the extremity of Islam : it is not necessary to say more on those subjects. In this Sea of Roum there are islands, great and small. ^uJUua Sikaliah is the most considerable of them all,. There are, besides, omJoj J I Akrites, (j^j^ Kibres, and 4he moimt called iJXiUI Ju^^ Jehel al KellaL \- f . Sikalidiiiis nfeav/i'jrank: it is 9n island of near nine merhileh in extent ; and prodvtees more corn and proyisions, male slaves snid female attendajits^ and cattle, than any other island belong- ing to the Mussulmans, in this .sea. Akrites is a smaller island thai) .Sikdiliah: it is inhabit by the Mussulmans and (^bJL^ Ghaziqns ; and amoi^st them there is a tribe of Christians. The inhabitants of Kiln^ ai:e all Christian. Aluites is a very strong island : at present the inhabitants are on terms of peace with the Mussulmans. They bring /^XLaa* Mastiky fix)m Kibres to the countries, of Islam. ( 54 ) The place called ^IXiUf ^^jfi^Jehelal KeUal has-been nmied^ but is now inhabited by Mussulmans i and it aifi^rds sufficient water and land. It is^ in extent, two days journey, situated on the frontiers of Frank ; but the Franks have not been able to get possession of it There are not, any where, shores so delightfully interspersed with buildings on both sides, as the ^ores of this sea. Here the ships of Mussulmans and of Infidels sail about, and sometimes oppose each other in battle, to the number of an hundred ships on each side. 9 Description of Jezireh, or Mesopotamia. The tract of country called Je^^h is that which lies between the rivers ixJL:^^ Dejleh (Tigris) and CjtJ Forat (Euphrates.) The Forat rises in Roum, at a distance of two days journey from ^uJoLo Melitiahy and then proceeds to LUaAvMi Samisat. On the eastern side of the river Dejleh, and on the western adB of the Forat, are various cities and towns, which are reckoned, oh ac- count of their vicinity, as belonging to Jezireh, although in fact not so. < t ■ . Now we shall lay before the reader a map of this country, with the names of its several cities* ( « ) djja^ jbO oUU^ y^ JMstctnces of Places in Jexireh. * ■ . . ^ ■ - * • - From the source of the Euphrates (c>l J Forat) to the bordere of M^ti^hi to Samisat^ two days journey: from Samisat ta ^^jT^ Hasermerye, four days journey ; to i3j Raccah, two days journey : from Racca to ^LjjI Anhar, twenty merhileh ; from c^Ju 2'acrith to Anbar^ two days journey; fromTacrith to ^^j^j^Mousid, six days journey j from Mousiil to O^ Amid, four days journey; from Amid to Samisat^ three days journey; from Samisat to Melitiah, three days journey; from Mousul to OJb Baled, one merhileh ; and from Bded to {j^f^M^ Nisibin, three merhUeh; from Nisibin to (ji^^l (j*^l^ila^-aZ-^^^ three merhileh: fpom Ras^-iden to a>" j Racca, a journey of four days. y^ Sr**^ J ^JT^ /^ Of the Towns and Districts ofJezireh, (^yJi^ Nisibin is rendered, by its river and delightful verdure^ one of the pleasantest places of Jezireh.. It is a considerable town, situated on a level ground^ watered by a stream which ( 50 ) issues from a motintain called L?^ U Balousa, and thence pro- ceeds among the gardens and corn-fields. {^\i^S^ Cutdan is a place inhabited by Christians. It produces deadly scorpions : And thefe is a very strong castle or fortress, which caimot be taken by force of arms ; and the hill bn Which it is situated abounds in ser- pents, whose stings occasion death. In the vicinity of Nisibin there is a mountain called (^(>;U Mardein, which, from the bottom to the summit, measures two farsang ; and on it is another impregnable castle. This mountain produces chrystal (jAj). (J^j^j^ Mousid is a city, the buildings of which are all of stone and mortar: it is a considerable place. cXXj Beled is a small town on the banks of the river Dejleh (Tigris) to the west ; and there is a stream running out of the Dejleh : it is planted with trees, and has some cultivated lands, jtss^ Senjar is a town situated near a mountain, which produces date trees in great number ; and in all the land of Jezireh there is not any other place that produces dates, except CJLa^ Meileth, on the banks of the Euphrates. I^lo ^tyl Anhar Dara is a small town, with water and cul- tivated lands. LejjjiJ Kufertowna is situated on a plain : it is larger than Dara (the Anbar Dara before mentioned) ; it has streams, and trees, and cultivated fields. ^^^ jand cultivated lands, j^ (^1 pt^^^ Je»ireh Ebn Omar is a small town, with' some trees, on the western side of the river Dejleh. JoLmx^jm Samisai is the last town of Jezireh, situated on the east of the Dejleh and Forat. aaLxLo Melitiah, and the JJis jjju Seghour Sham, or frontiers of Syria, as we before mentioned, are reckoned as belonging to Jezireh, because the people of that province occasionally reside in those places. aXjcX±i» Haditha is situated on the banks of the Dejleh, to the east; it has many com*fields, trees, and gardens. The river Dejleh runs by the skirts of the U^b ojS Mount Barma ; and 'V on these hills there are springs or fountains that yield gold dujst and bitiunen^;" and these mountains extend through Jezireh towards the westf , till they come to the borders 1 1^^^ iSytt It certainly should be ^j& ^ym towards the east ( M ) iff {ji^jf^ Kimutn : mnA it is isaid that theie are 4lie >iiioxiiitadnB of ■J ^., y^ j^ f^ Description of Diar ModJiar. iautdl^ J ^J JRo^feJba and Rqfika iare two towns e£ this pr(>- irlncc, situated on the eastern side of the river Forat; they bodi liave mosques, and are planted with trees : and on the western side of the Forat, between Rctkka and ^j*JLj Bcdes, is the burial<» ^lace of ^U {^jj^ Gmru-ften- Yaser. ^jlOc^ Jedton is a town of middling size, inhabited by a race of peoplfe whom they call / ^U» Sabians. Their place of rel^ous worship is on a lofty pile or Ticap (OJLVj fjj -j), which tht^ ascribe to Abraham, on whom be the blessing of God ! This place they hold in high veneration ; esteeming it holy, and makii^ 'pilgrimages to it from other quai^ers. There are but few tsree^ and little water at Jetton. t^j Zb/ia is a place of nearly the same size, llie Christians -are * ^1 JJmiL« or Nasedan q^^J^JJ But the word is so badly written> that the true reading may be quite different. ( «o ) Hete predosniintnt In Urn town there are above three hundred churches or monasteries (ooLiJ jji^ (Unini). The land is well watered and enltirated; and there is here a Chrisdan chuich {(^[m^jJj), than which in all Islam there is not any greater. •• • • ^A^^>M^ jra5ir Menje and JULmx^jm Samisat, a»e two town^ with gardens and cultivated lands^ well- watered ; both situated OR the western side of the river Forat. Li^ Jl KarkUa is on the banks of the river ji^U^ Khabour: it abounds in fine prospects, cultivated lands, and gardens. ^jLx ^ UULe ams^ Rahabah Malek ben Tawk is a town, well-watered, and planted with trees, situated on the eastern side of the river Forat. l^-sa^ Heith IS cm the western side of the Fbrat 2 it has k strong castle, and is opposite vi^ Ju Tacrith. Tacrith isi situated on the western side of the river Dgleh. jtyl Anbar is a town of middling size> aXJU w»jUJt (jmLoJI ajI Abou al Abbas al Kaiem Billah resided tfaere^ and the remains of his palace are still visible. It is a plea- smt place, prddtidng ^ceellent crops, and good provisions and dates. The territories of this place are ert«isive ; and there is in lesareh a race of people, ftom aaju; Rebcda and ja^ Medhar, who possess horses, and mules, and sheep. Some of these people dwell in the desert, and some in the villages on the borders of jcKiren. (^^julj Zabein (the two Zabs) are considerable streams ; each about half as great as thcDcjleh. They rise among the mountains I 2 ( Oo ) of ^; Kib jCTT Azerhaigan. Of these the larger is that wfaicH runs towards aJocX^ Haditheh. These streams forbi part of the i^yer Dejleh, and water the district of o^^Lm Samerah. ajLc Aaneh is a small town, situated where the river Forat forms a "bay or gulph. This place is called the d^^km^ (^j^^^^^^ Jfysn Maselamah. They say that it belonged to Moselamah ben Abdal Mulk. A branch of the Ommiades (aa^I iJ^ Beni-Oni'^ miah) is settled there* It is a pleasant place, and well-supplied with provisions. It belonged to (^jjJj\ j^\ (^ (j^^ Abbas ben al Omar al Gharvoui^ ^U»** i^. J^ ^^^ ^^^'* Seiar (the heap or pile of the sons of Seiar) is a small town, inhabited by a tribe of Arabs of the Beni Ghunni, (CO^ Joudi is a mountain near Nisibin. It is said that the Ark of Noah (to whom be peace !) rested on the summit of this mountain. At the foot of it there is a village called (jj^lyj The^ mabin ; and they say that the companions of Noah descended here from the ark, and built this village. ^^ Ser^^^e i> a large town, abounding in fruit, at the dUtance of one merhileh from the town of (^ I ^a^ Jeran. ( 01 ) Vjc vjJi^ yo Description of Irak Arahi. The length of Irak is taken from ^^,J^ Tacrith to ^loUc Ahadani and the breadth^ from c^lOou Baghdad to dijf'Cufa, to A>^03 Cades iah, to (^t^As^ Bolwan; and from L^\j Wdset, to v.^Ji3 JSTeZ^^, and y^y> Karkoub ; and from oy^ Basrah to the borders of ^^^^ Hey; and from Tacrith to jjJjy^ Shehr^ zour, and the' borders of HolWan and ^Uwy^ Seirwan, and o_aad Seimereh, and the borders of uaxU TeiZ;, and of (j^j^ Sus ; again to He J, to the seal. From Tacrith to the sea there is> according to the liile we have described^ a considerable inflexion^ or winding, towards the west, behind the Ol^ souad* of Basrah in the desert ; to the sonad of Basrah, as far as ^.Uoj Betaiah ; to the sonad of aSaJ^ Cufd^ to the river Forat, to^tjJl Anbar, to v^ Ju' Tacrith, between the rivers Dejleh and Forat ; and m this lihe.of borders ^om the sea to Tacrith, there is likewise a « winding or curve. * The villaget and 9mall towns of Irak are, in general, called souad. ( 6« ) •» Ijc cA^Lw^ Distances of Places in Irak. From Tacrith to the sea-shore^ by the wuiding line cm the eastern side, is a joumej of one month ; and from the sea to Tacrith^ by the outline on the western side^ is likewise a journey of one month. From Baghdad to oy«W Samereh is a distance of three merhileh ; and from Samereh tip Tacrith, two merhileh : from Baghdaa to Cufa, four merhileh ; from Cufa to Aj^i^ Cadesiah, one merhileh: from Bi^hdad to Lm^Ij JFasety eight merhileh; and from Baghdad to ^UW Holwrni, six merhileh: from the borders of ^j^^^ Seimereh and (^ ^Jrf^ Seirwan, the same distance. From Waset to oyAf Basrah is a distance of eight merhileh ; from Cufa to Waset, six merhileh ; from Basrah to the sea, two merhileh : from Holwan to Cade»ah^ eleven merhileh. The breadth, from Ow«Ui Samereh, on the banks of the river Dejleh, to the borders of jjjjJ^ Shehrzout* and ^jlac?'- Ij^ciT Azerbaijan, is a distance of fifteen merhileh, or perhaps one merhileh more ; and4he breadth at Waset, four merhileh ; and the * Called, by the modem Turks, Shekfrzoul. According to Persian Chronicles, Alexander the Great died at this place. — See the " Epitome of the Ancient History cf Persia^' page 26* ( 08 ) bfeadth of 'Basrah, from tbe city of Basrah to the borders of Hej, is ^ne merhildL ISuch axe the distances of places in Irak Arabi. • • * Accouni of the Cities and Towns of Irak Arahi. # - - oy^ Basrah is a considerable city, the foundation of which was laid in the time of vyLLs: (^ ~c Omar ehn Alkhitah — (may God reward him!) — and the building performed by o'jt^ and amounted to the number of one hundred and twenty thousand streams, on which boats were employed. Thisaxiecdote astonished me : I went there, and be- *' held, within the space of about an arrow's single flight, several " small streams, on which little boats were employed*/' i€ €€ tt ( 64 ) The extent of Basrah comprises about fif^ farsang from /y#»1t Sey, to (^loUc Jbadan,which is the palm-plantation ((^U^wJLdkr') of Basrah. At Basrah is the tomb of aJU IcXac (^ as;^ Tal- hah hfn Abdallah ; may God reward him ! And there are several places^ also, to which pilgrimages are made ; such as the tomb of jf.f^ ^ 'ysr Al Hara hen Serir, and other learned men. The rirer ciLdbj Zohad runs four farsang: it is so thickly interspersed with villas and gardens, that you would imagine the whole place was one garden. Many streams belong to this place, and palm- trees are here in great number. When the water of the sea rises or increases, the waters of those streams go back amongst the gardens, and fields, and orchards ; and when the water of the sea sinks or diminishes, the river- waters return to their channels, but are all brackish, or of a bitter taste. dSj\ Ableh is situated on this river ; and there is a dangerous place, called Hawer Ableh, in it, against which vessels from the sea must be well guarded, lest they should be sunk there. Ableh is a small town, but well supplied with * provisions, and pleasantly situated, one side being towards the Dejleh. That river (above mentioned) comes. from the Dejleh, in a direct line to ^jlciUc Ahadan. The soil or earth of Basrah is white. The towns of this district are, Ableh, ^JuU Mentah, and^lcX« Medar; all small towns, situ- ated on the river Dejleh. The chief of diese is Ableh. • Or ^ Hey. . ' (0" ) In the temtortei of Basrab we L^l Jhma wA ^- • Betaiah. Boats or yesseb are moved here by the strength of men. Near this place are great gulphs or abysses : one would imagine that the land had been dry at some former time ; and it is possible that the water, making its way from the rivers of Basrah, had sailed wYiefc^Cf it found a deep furrow or pit, ioMiU JFaset is situated on the two banks of the Dejleh. It has been built since the introduction of Islam. The foundation was laid by v^-i*^ ?r^'^'^ Hejaje Yiisuf. It is strongly built ; and the castle of Hejaje is there, on the western side, with a few fields belonging to it Waset is a populous town, and well supplied With provisions— of a purer air than Basrah : the vicinity of it is idanted'wiil^ gardens, and well cultivated. dij^Cufd is siualler than Basrah, but resembles it in some lespects. The air and water of Cufa are better than those of Basrak It is situated near the river Forat. The suburbs of Cufa were built by {;^\3j (jj Ooum Saad hen WdhcLs. Aj^J \ji CctdesicJi, and Ojff^ Heirah, and uXJjrpL Khawr'- nakf are situated on the skirts of the desert, tdwards the west; the river (Euphrates) running by them on the east : they afibrd dates, and have some cultivated lands* From Cufa to these places is a distance of one merhileh. Heirah is an ancient city, and large ; but when Cufa was built, Heirah was drained of its inhabitants. ( 66 ) Heirah enjoys a pure air, and is one farsang distant frdm Cnfa. At Cufa is* situated the tomb or meshed of the Commander of the Faithful, u^lL /^l (^ C5^ -^^** hen Abi Taleby on whom he peace ! Some say it is in the cloister at the entrance of the chief mosque; and others say it is at a distance of two farsang. aa>*»oIj) Cadesiah is situated on the border of the desert : it has running water, and cultivated lands. From Cadesiah, on the con- fines of Irak, until you come to Medinah (^.iLwJ'l aajcX« Medi- nah Alssalam, the city of Islam), there is not any running water. i^\oJJ Baghdad is a celebrated city, erected since the intro- duction of IsUm. It was built by jy.^}^ t**^ J^' Ahou Jdffer Mansour'^. At first the western quarter was built, and everyone settled himself there in any manner he thought fit. Afterwards it became populous; and when (^Ol-^ Mo/idi succeeded to the khalifat f, he encamped his troops on the eastern side. Buildings were then erected, and that quarter also became thickly inhabited. The villas and palaces extended for near two fkrsang from • Baghdad to the river, and this city became the residence of the khalifs. The buildings were continued from' the river to the district of la***1j JFaset, and from above the Dejleh to au^lyj^ • This Khallf (of the House of Abbas) began to reign A. H. 136, (A, D. 754*) The fbund^ion of Baghdad was laid in the year of the Hegira 145. t He began to reign A. H. 158, (A. 0.775.) ( 67 ) ShetnasidJi^ a distance of nearly fire &rsang. The eastern side lihey call a^L^ OUJI k^[j Bab al Tank Resetfeh, and also (^4X~JI jX*Mf Asker al Mohdi. It is said that the name Bah al Tauk is deriyed from a certain great dome, or cupola^ in the principal bazar or market-place, called wdixM ^j^ Souk al Resafeh is a considerable suburb, built by Ouy^ Rashid, near tl^ . ^icf^ Ocs!^ ^^^M the western side is called ^j^Korkh. Here. are three mosques ; one, the Mesjed Jamia al Mansour ; another, situated at the Bab al Taidc ; and the other, at the aSJIst' j\C^Dar al Khali/ah, or palace of the Khalif: and the buildings continue as far as. nj^lj^ Kelwazi, where there is a mosque.. Over the river Dejleh a bridge has been constructed of boats; and from the ^jUwIyrL ^'j^^ S^^^. ^f Khorasari, to the place called ajji^LJ I u^b Bah alia Sertheh^ the breadth of the city at both sides is about six miles. Korkh is very well inhabited, and considerable commerce is there carried on ; but the trees and streams are on the eastern side. The T^-ater they drink is of the river o^Jjv^ Nehrwan. On the western side there is a stream, called the ^^^^^^jJ Nehr Isa, or the river. of Jesus — a branch of the Forat, which, passing by Baghdad, falls into the Dejleh. Between Baghdad and aS «/ Cufa there are many districts and K 2 ( «8 ) tillages, through which run streams from the river Forat. Here is situated the town of f^f^ Sarsar, on the stream called Sarsar» at a distance of three farsang from Baghdad. It is a pleasant town, with land well cultivated. After that, at a distance of two farsang, is the UOLyJ 1 ^ Nehr al Molk (or the Ring's river.) There is a bridge over it ;' and it is much more considerable than the river of Sarsar. The district of Nehr al Molk is better culti- vated, and affords more com and fruits, than Sarsar. From that one proceeds to Ojfj^ y^\ y^ Kesr Ebn Habeirehy situated on the river Forat, and one of the most considerable places between Cufa and Baghdad. Here are several streams, so that the water is much augmented, and passes on to the town of [jy^ Soura. The great river Forat has not any branch more considerable than this. From Soura it proceeds to the souad {^[y^) or villages in the neighbourhood of Ckifa ; and afler that falls into the river of '^^ Betaiah. ^jS^Kerbela is situated on the west of the Forat, opposite to or near (jj't?) Kesr ebn H^beireh. Oj^Um Samereh is altogether situated to the east^. In this quarter there is not any running water, but the river AUkatoul, ijjidljU^ that runs at some distance from the town. Buildings, and streams, and trees, are opposite, on the western side, and #• ( «o ) extend for near one merhileh. The first founder of this place was MtaHjL^ Motasem ; and it has since &llen into the hands of Jk>^x« Motawdkel*, and is all in ruins, so much that within the space of a farsang there is not any building or cultivated land to be seen. The air and fruits of Samareh are better than those of Bagh4ad. * (^LyJ Nehrwan is situated at the distance of four farsang front Baghdad. Jb considerable stream flows there, and proceeds under A9^lsr ' jl(^ Dor al Khalifah, in the souad of Baghdad, to the place which they call cXaJv:^ /^ wlX**»l A&kaf heni Haneid, and other districts ; and when one comes from Nehrwan too^X^O Desker^h^ the waters are less, and the dates fewer : and from De^k^eh to the borders of (^I^As^ Holwan is a desert, without any buildings or inhabited places between it and Samereh, or between j^jjA* Shehrzour and the borders of *^ Jo Tacrith. (jftjilcX^ Madaien h a little town, at the distance of one mer^- hileh from Ba^dad« In former times it was a very considerable city, and a favoutoite dwelling-^lace of kings. The (Sf**^ o!>?' Aiwan Kesri^ is isituated there, buik of stone and mortar. The • Motawakel became Khalif in the year of the Hegira 232, (A. D, 847.) For anecdotes relative to the building of Catml and Samanh by the Khalif Mofiissem, see P'Herbelot's Bihliot. Orient. Art. Motassem. t Called also the iSytS olfc Tawk^i-Kesri, or palace of the Persian monarchs, styled Khosrus, or J&mV. It mts butk by Nmbirvan, in the middle of the fixth centuiy of the Christian aera. ( 70 ) Kesris had not anyediJ&ces greater than this; and Madaien was laiger than any place, except Baghdad, which we have before described. ^ J^lj Babel is a small village, but tl^ most ancient spot in all Irak. The whole region is denominated Babel, from this place. The kings of ^^IxiJ^ Canaan resided there, and ruins of great edifices still remain. I am of opinion, that, in fpSmer times, it ^as a very considerable place. They say that Babel was founded by ^-r^*w^JAJ LJ Isi^ Zohak Piurasp f ; and there was Abraham (to whom be peace !) thrown into the fire. There are two heaps^ one of which is in a place called v«Ju Jo (^i^jjKoudi Tereik, the other, KoudiDerharj\j)i^i in this the ashes still remain; and they say that it was the O^jjyJ (J^^ fi^^ of Nimrod into which Abraham was cast ; may peace be on him ! ^lcX« Madaien is situated on the east of the river Dejleh ; and they reckon it one merhileh from Baghdad to that place. It is said that (jjJ JUjO Zhu VKernein (Alexander the Great) found at that place the divine mandate, (i. e. died there) ; but I Suspect that this tradition is not true, because he was poisoned at the time of his returning from Cheen, and his coffin was taken to • Of this passage, as far as the word littleness on the qpposite pajp, I have given the original Persian in the Appendix. t Fifth king of the Pcishdadian, or first dynasty of the Persian sovereigns, supposed to have reigned about 780 years before Christ.«-*See the •* Epitme of the Ancient His'- tory efPersia^' p, 6 and 8. ( 71 ) Alexandria to hi«. modier. It is also said, that there has been a bridge at Madaien^ on the river Dejleh; but I did not see any vestiges of it. ■ -■'.■ ' • (yjCc Akbera, and (j^^jf Berdahj and ^l^JL^ Neamaaiak, and Jl^\jiJljj^;Deii>alaakoul, and c^S>(^ Dejeil^ and LiI^j:w> Jerjeraya*, and ^JLA^JI^i Fomas'salah, and (j*ajL*j -J iVeAr Sales, and other places on the banks of the river Dejleh,- which "Wie have mentioned, are sitnatied , one n^ar another, and are nearly equal in greatness and littleness. (^IJLafc. Holwan is a well-inhabited and pleasant town. After Cufa, and Basrah, and^Waset, and Baghdad, and Samereh, and Hobeireh, there is not any city more considerable in Irak. Snow i^ls there. i^\ and .on .the mountains in its vicinity there is at aU times snow. ^' OjXm-O DesJcereh is a pojpnloxis ahd pleasant place, with a strong castle, and com fields. It is said that a kingf from time to time resided' theire, * on Vhich account it was styled ojdii^ UCXyJl DesJcereh al Mofk." From Deskereh to above Samereh, * In the Eton MS. this name is written lj[^^ Jerherana. t According to the Persian manuscript, intituled ^{Jy&^ Leh-(d-Tffwarikh, Ht^s castle of Deskereh was built by Hormuz, the son of Shapour, third king of the Sassanian or fourth dynasty, who began to itign A. D* 2 7 2. Sec " Epitome ofihe Ancient History •fPerfia^" p. 42. i ( 72 ) till one comes near \i^S^ Aayeth in this line^ and likewise to tbe borders of the district of Waset, from the borders of Irak to the borders of ojjKouh'^, the buildings are few, and the greater part is pasture land of the Arabs, Thus, to the west of Tacrith, to Anbar, between the rivers Dejleh and Forat, there are not any buildings^ unless those opposite (or near) Samereh : almost all the rest is the bare and barren desert. It were unnecessary to dwell longer on the account of Irak^ as it is a country so famous and so well known amongst men. Description of the Province of Khuzistan. The eastern boundaries of Khuzistan are the borders of q^Ij Pars and (^l^U*** Spahaunf. Between the borders of Pars and of Spahaun, there is a certain river called v-jIL jJ Nehr Tab, in the vicinity of j^Ijj j C5*^ Mahi-rooyan : from that, the boundary is between ^j¥^ Dourek and Mahi-rooyan towards * 03^ signifies a mountain, in general ; but here, perhaps, is the name of a fortress situated on the mountains of Merdin, mentioned by Petis de la Croix^ in his Hist. ^ Ttmuvy Vol. I. ch. 39. t Ispahan^ Sfahaxiy or hfahan^^^hi name ia variously wiitlen m the course of this work, as in most other MSS. ( 73 ) t|ie sea-side. On the western side, the boundaries of Khuzistan are the territories of Waset, and that place which they call ^^gXfcwUjIijO Durahouasty. On the north it has the bcmiers of o«yAM0 Seimereh, and a:^ S^ Kurkheh, and/ iJ Louri as iar as l^e borders of iJU:^ Jebal, adjoining the territories of Spahaun. It is said that Lour was once reckoned as belonging to Khuzistan ; but at present it is comprehended within Jebal. The boundaries of Khuzistan towards F^s and (^I^Ul^ Sfahan, and the borders of Jebal and Waset, are straight lines on the four sides : But on the southern side, from ^^IciUc Abadan, to the vil- lages about Waset, the boundary is an irr^ular line ; and from Abadan to the sea, and the borders of Pars : then this southern boundary proceeds along the sea shore ; then to the Dejleh, and passes frdOiil^lj Barma: thence winds from above ^JuL» Meftah and ^lcX« Medar, among the villages of Waset, there Ifirhence we first set out. (Map of Khuzistan. J j\^\ ^ojjjKoureh Ahwax is also called j^ i^Jb Hormuz , Shehr. The other places of Khuzistan are the JCjL) ^^ Shehr Leshkur, which they also dall ^jC« JCmX Asker Mokrem; JLi^ Shushter ; jji}^ Cj^OJ^ Jondi Shapour ; (j^jm Sus ; j^j^ fSj Rcun Hormuz ; and j[)^ Bazar : all these are the ( 74 ) names of cities^ but Bazai, which they call v.J^^ Souk, and its town ^jj^ Dourek ; -. cXil Aidah, (Sjf^ jJ Neher Tiri, o'/.^ Khaizan, Jai)l a^jj^^ HoumaA al net, ^^LJI a^j:^ Howneh al San, JuajLmI ^jm Souk /isunbeil, (Sj^^^^^^-^ Mehader al Kehri, c^JUaJI ^c^Lyo Mehadar al Sagheri, Hei, L^ Teb, (^[yJ^ Keliwan, are all towns of this di /^aoj Bosi, mj\ Arem, Iju^-^l v.J[^ Souk al Arbaa, i^yix^ (^cXy^ Hysn Mohdi, (^U*Ij Basan, (j^UJom Selsan, (^UL^^JUi Solymanan, ^J^f Carcoub, oj^ji Berdoun, and as^j^ Karkheh. The land of Khuzistan is level. It has many running streams, the chief of which is the river of Shushter : and Ring Shapour * caused to be constructed on this river a wall (or mound) called (j^ Ij^oLS* Shddervan ; by means of which the town of Shushter^ situated on an eminence^ might be supplied with water. This river comes from jCsJ Leshkur (or Asker Mokrem) to ^|^l Ahwaz, and falls into the river Sedreh, o;cXxm ^j^ and goes on to the Hysn Mohdi, on the sea side* Another river of ELhuzistan is called (^UyS;*^! ^* Nehr al Miishirkan, on which, at Lesh- kur, a great bridge has been erected ; and by this river one may go from Leshkur to Ahwaz, a distance of eight farsang : but • Shapour Zhukctafy who began to reign A. D.' 309. He was the ei^th king of the fourth or Sassanian dynasty. (See " Epitome of the Ancient History of Persia^** p. 46, &c.) The Tarihh Gozideh^ and other MSS. speak of tfiis Shadervan, in pasMgci. which shall be given at length in a fixture work on Asiatick Geography. «•■> '( Jt5 ) when onie has gmie six ^arsaag, all the water is dnuned off, for various ptirposes of husbandry and agriculture ; and for two far* sang the bed of the river is altogether dry. In the land of Khu^ kistan there is not any place more populous or cultivated thak Musherkan. i The streams of Khuzistan, from Ahwaz, and Dourek, and Shofihter^ and all that rise in this quarter, are collected together ttt Hysn M<^di, and there, forming one great river, fall into the sea.* Them u ndt any of the eea in Khuzist^ti, except a little of the (ji^jLf (S^j^ Persian Sea, from o'^^ C.5^^ Mahi rooyan, to near (^ULyjJLi Solymanan, opposite (^loUc Aba^ dan: nor is there in all Khtezastan, any mountain, tior sand, •xcept at Shushter, and jjyf}^ (^OJc^ Jondi Shapour, and j^\ Aid(^4» ^as tibe bordem of (jU^Uy^ Sfahan : all the rest is soft oky and 161^ ground t And m asiy of the cities of Khuzistan I know net that ^di^ 'drink- wdl« water : and the land of this proviiice *is' more dry, in proportion as it is distant from the river ]i>ejleh: that 'part fiearer the Dgleh is like the soil of Basrah, and liiat 'region. Threu^tout Kbusustaft there is not either ice or snow ; nor is there any part of it widch do^ not afford dates. It is a very « unhealthy coimtry. All kinds of fixiit are to be found in Khu^ zistan, except walnuts ((^ lS"0-J^), and the fruit of trees peculiar to a cold climate. L 2 ( 76 ) ', For the greater part, Arabick and Persian are spoken in this province: there is also a particular dialect in Khuzistan. The fashion of the people, in their dress, resembles that of the inhabi- jtants of Irak. They are in general of bad dispositions; arid niostly of a yellow complexion, with scanty beards ; and of the Motazelite sect (Mahommedan schismaticks.) •• Among the wonders of Khu^istan, is the Shadervan of Sha-- pour (before mentioned) at Shushter. It is said to be a mile in length, constructed of stone and mortar, for the purpose of con- ducting water to Shushter. In the city of (jw^ SuSy there is a river ; arid I have heard, that, in the time of (^AiA i^'yyi^ Abou Mou^a Ashoari, a coffin was found there : and it is said the bones of Daniel the Pro- phet (to whom be peace !) were in that coffin. Thes^ the people held in great veneration ; and in time of distress^ or famine from droughts, they brought them out, and prayed for rain. Abou IV^ousa Ashoara ordered this coffin to be brought,, and three cover- ings or cases to be made for it ; the first, or outside one, of which was of boards, exceedingly strong ; and caused it to be buried, so that it could not be viewed. A bay or gulf of the river came over this ft grave, which may be seen by any one who dives to the bottom ,of the water. ( 11 ) iTiere is also, in the district of JouJLmj Sumbeil, near the bor- ders of Pars, a mountain, from which fire issues at air times. At night this fire gives light ; and smoke comes forth in the day-time ; and the general opinion is, that there is here a fountain of ooLf Naphta, or of pitch (c:o J), which has taken fire. There is also a spedes of scorpion (^Oj/) which they csiH ojjiS^kezoureh : they are like the leaves of (^IcXsr*' anjedan (the herb laserpitium or pellitory), and are more destructive than serpents. Very rich garments of brocade are manufactured at Shushter. At Sus there is a species of orange, which they call Ov^Jul -^ penj-angusht, (or five fingers,) said to be exceedingly fragrant. In this district there is a place called (-^0^'-^^ Meba^ der* al Kebri, and (^ juaJI ^c^La^ Mebader al Sagheri (the greater and lesser), are two well-inhabited and pleasant places^ aboimding in dates. * A particular kind of syrup, of a thick consistence, used in the composition of sherbet, &c. C 7Q ) Distances of Places in Khuzistan. m I From Pars to Irak there are two roads; one by the way of Basrah^ the other by way of Waset. The Basrah road is this : From otcjl Arghan to J^***! Asel, two easy merhilehj from that to a village called (;;1c>jO Deidan, one merhileh; fromi Deidan to ^jj(^ Dourek, and from that to (^LwLw Sasan, a pleasant town> through which a river flows : from Sasan ta Lf^\^ {:y^^^ ^ysn Mohdi, is a journey of two merhileh r from these two places one must go by water: and from H3^sii Mohdi to cjUu Benaty two merhileh ; and they go from Dourek to (^Lwlj Basan by water, it being much easier than going by. land. This is the extreme boundary of ELhuzistan. Benat is situated on the banks of the river Dejlehf and, if one chooses he may go by water to Ablah, or by land, crossing oyer wheh. !» comes opposite Ablah. The road from Ears to Irak, by way of Waset, is from Arghan toj\j[j Bazar, one merhileh; from that to i^\j Ramnz (pro- bably for y^J^ Jj Ram HoPmuz), two merhileh ; from Ramuz to jXJLi Leshhur, or Asker Mokrem, three merhileh ; from that to JLi^ii Shushter, one merhileh : from Shushter to J^.U* (^OJc^ ( 80 ). Jondi Shapour, one merhileh ; and from Jondi Shapour to (j^^^^ Sus, one merhileh ; and from that to v-Ja5 J Corcouh, one mer- hileh. From Shushter to Jondi Shapour^ is one merhileh ; from that to v.-^okL Teib, one merhileh ; this place borders on the terri- tories of Waset. From Leshkur to ^U^l Ahwaz, is one merhi- leh; from Ahwaz to I ■* » : • ■ • 1 i . « • ' I ' ' .. { . . : : . i . . ' jr»? Q§4*prai.«i^\0f Pv8 ifi\bov»^ by th^ province of o^r^ 'JKJr/wwtA'^t? wfest^n jsidi? fcy ii)UMi,>^ JKftwisi^^an, and^^Ljjiiel J^ahan. On the the north. It haa ithe deserts of \yU1jB*. JBTAor raseuh and part gf U^fitemtones of Isfahan: and it -is bounded •QU the eoutb hy the Persian Sea, (j^-Aj <^^J*^ We shaU describe fhe whole face of this country, except the smaller villages and hiUs, which are too numerous and diversified £oT particular mention. (Blank page for the Map of Pars.) M ( B2 ) fjsjjls (S^VJ^/^^ Account oftheKourehs, or Districts, in the Province of Pars,, er Pars. There are fiveKourehs in this province, the most considerable of which is the jdfc"*^! ^ojjS^Koureh of Istakfiar: ojiS jAj^^f Ardeshir Dereh, in which are the. cities of^l^xA Shiraz and i \jAM Siraf. Jawr jy^ also belongs to this district of Ardeshir> because it was built by him, and was his capital. ^I-^I Arghan is also a large city. The j^}^ ^JJ^ Koureh Shapour is the smallest of these districts of Pars : the town is called after Sha- pour^ who built it, in the vicinity of {^%jj ^ Cazeroun. But there are five places in Pars, which they call ^ Zem ♦• The signification of this word is, a tribe, or race (Arab. aXa-o). One of these is more considerable than the others — the iuA^p^ ^ Zem Heilouieh : this is called (^Ls::^^ ^ Zem Senjan. The second is the vJaaJ I ^ cX^^.1 ^ Zem of Ahmed hen Leith : it is called Zem\ *****. The third is called ^L^ (^ cX^s^l. * In the Eton MS. there is a title in red ink prefixed to this passage — \j»*J^^^^yj •* The Zemoums of Fars ;** an extraordinary plural of Zem. As this section, and that which follows, aflbrd some curious matter, they are given in the original Persian, at the end of this volume. t The word following Zem in my MS« is rendered illegible by a blot of ink ; and in ( 83 ) 2^m Ahmed hen Saleh. The fourth is the^U-yjl ^ Zem Sheh- ryavy which they call (^Lsr'olj ^ Ze/n Badenjan. The fifth is the (^A»»»"^ (^ cXyS^l ^ JZem Ahmed hen Alhosein, called U^J^ ^ Zem Karma; and this is the jAji*0;i ^j Zem Ar- deshir. m Account of the Jowns of the Curds *. The Joums of the Curds are more than can be exactly num- bered ; but it is said that in Pars there are above five htmdred thousand houses (^Jld^ or families), which, during winter and summer, remain on the pasture-lands. Some of these Curds maintain two himdred persons, such as shepherds, and labourers, and grooms, and boys or serviuits^ and such, like. Their number- cannot be ascertained* the Eton MS. (like too many odier proper names) it is written ifiAout any diacriticd points, thus .Ur* V^"""^!^ consequently capable of various readings. * If the the word youm had not been too plainly written in this place, and the fol- lowing passage, I would have altered it to «y» Koum, tribe, people, family, &c.-— Captain Framcklin, in his 72»ir ro P/rxM (London edition, 1790, octavo, p. 1919^, mentions ** some hundreds of wandering Curds and Turkomans," whom his party met in the vicinity of Persepolis. They were then removing, with their families, flocks, and herds, to the southward of Shiraz ; and resembled, in their sun-burnt, tawny com- plexions, the Gypsies of Europe. M 2 ( 84 ) Account of the Rivers of Pars. The Rivers of Pars, which are navigable for boats, are the VU^ j^ Nehr Tab, ^^^ ^ Nehr Shirin, ^J \^Li C^jj Rood Shakan, cXJl^O ^\j Rood Derjend, (^IcXi^ ^JL^ Rood Jouidan, {j-f^jj ^jj Rood Rjovyiriy (^ '^ ^JJ I^ood SeJcan, j^yL. cijj Rood Koshhii, (j^k&*^ ^jj Rood Ku- shein, (j^ C^jj Rood Kas, ^jf ^jj Rood Forkab, and the Ci^J^ CSjj Rood Herdeh. erjU l*c^ij^<3 y^ Of the Lakes of Fars. The chief Lakes are the (^Lxa3^ iS^fJ^ Derayi BaJchtegan, the CX^O C^^;^ Deryai Desht, the jJU I ijtfsif Beheiret (lake) Alsour, and the ^^ ULuacr ' » wcasr^ Beheiret al Hurbaian. ( 85 ) Of the Fire-Temples ofFars. There is not any district, nor any town of Fare, without a Rre-Tempk. These are held in high veneration. We i^all, hereafter, more miniitely describe them. Also, throughout Pars, therQ are castles in every quarter, one stronger than another, {fj[y^^ T^.^ ^' C..5^.)- '^^ greater number of them are situated in the district of j[juai\ /Jo 'wiA**^ Seif heni al Se^ ghar. All these we shall describe in the course of this work, so that they shall be known. " And there are many considerable districts, which possess essential importance, yet have not been much celebrated or £^ken of; but we shall notice all these places, and give a concise description of them, in this work*/' ^^j isL^ r^y^ <^^ Ci^^ 3f^^^, Li^V fcji'*^T^ L^^^j'*^^ ( 80 ) Account of the Districts of the Koureh of Istdkhar. The district of J y Yezd is the most considerable division of the Koureh of Istakhar. There are in it three places with mosques, aXJ^ Kattah, and cXaak Meibed, and (^^^U Mahein. Part of this district was formeriy reckoned as belonging to the province of (^Lo S^Kirman, but now is included in the territories of Fars. The extent of the district of Istakhar is about sixty farsang, o^^l Aberkou/i is one of the cities. OyJ^I Aklid and v.Jc«yM Surmek, are two towns which, in Persian, are written cXaJL) Kelid and a^^m Surmeh. i^[3ljj2^ Houbakan they call (^ I^^mo Meshkan. o^-v^' Azhaman is a town, (^^j^l^ Jori/i, and {^^ Kouin, and (^UjJLssL-Io Tarkhinsan, have not any ora- tories or pulpits ( vjJU). oi^UT Abadeh is the village of Abdar'- rahman ^^^^yS^JIcXAC aa^^. Mehndan, o'^tv^ ^^^ Sahel al Kebri, (Sj^ ' cM^L^ have not oratories or pulpits ; neither have ^^^Xm4Jj^ Maroiisef nor ULiU Fanek, {j^^jj olJ^Harah Rudgan, ^j^ASKeles, Ojif^^ Deheireh, (j^j\ Arkan, UC^^m Sershek, (j\i^\j Radariy LAkj Beiza, (^'j* Heran, ^j. Heslcan, (^J^l ^--Syw Se(f aZ -^Z;i, 5jL^ ^*-Sy*» TtV*^ Deheir Seif Omareh : these places have not pulpits or oratories; but v^^I^amj Sircf has three, ^j-S?^ ^^* jirem, ^ Khem, c^^ Desht, (jjj^j ff^azin, (^1:^cX**jx Asdejariy (^U^yC^a^ Destikan ; the chief town is ojULw Sefareh: aj^ — jj Noah Kherik, the chief town of ^U*w yiJ/ Laghe- ristan; jfS^ Shekeir, (j^ijj^ Karzein, (jO<^\ Ante den, (^IjA^^j** Semiran, i^\jf^ Kouan; (^[s^j^ Keherjan, a large island. ( 89 ) • • « • I ' Account of the Territories of Darahgird. ^ . • * The district of ^c/ Koum has two principal towns, oc^U' madeh and k^S^ Girdx L*^./a> Keserisa. /mImjjuJd Tebisan. iJjss::^ Behoideh, f^L^iSjS Kirdman, jAx^::^ Hembeir, (^Isi^***^ Jdesihan, (j^^ Rekan, o\jjj\ Arirah, (^Lw 5a/i, f^^f^Jouim, \^ Hije, (jUlxglo^k^l Astehefaian^ (ih?j* Herin, o'j^Uo -Ma- rouan, U*^k2^ Hesoua, ^jj Rouiah, k^[^ ^^^J^ Roustai Reshak, ^cX^ Medah, ^U Bazem, cj(JLMj*jw^. Mesakendt, oiaJo Kant er eh, (^Lsr'l^ Souanjan, vti'UiJI v^JCSi lS)/^^^i: aZ reshak, cijJI vJLi S/iiifc aZ rud, oJ/b' TaZaf, ^^UUL^I vJLS,- S/iufc aZ masanan, %)^j^ ^j Zem Shehrazu. j^\JU Qj^ cijcX:^ ^ » Account of the Borders or Territories of the Koureh Shapour. j^Li Shapour, (djjj^ Kazeroun, jtsr^ Hejar, (^U*jU Basan, mj^ Hafieh, v^Jiijci Dertek, jjy^ Khouaje, Khisht, ^^^ Keiawem, jy}}^ (^Ls^'Oob Hedijan Shapour, N { 90 ) (^1^ w« ^* Tir Merdan : except Shapour and Kazeroun^ all these towns are without pulpits or oratories. (^ ^OJuy Nubendgan, \..;AXMa wjJU Member Shaah, (j[^ Bouan, ijy-t^ Beinoul,j^\ Jlmour, (^Isr^vi Derenfan, OJcf^i^ Derjend, (^UJU O^jJS Kumbnz Malghan^ oli^t^' Ambouran, Jo^l As el, c>Km[ia^ Fertast, OjtJjL Skekireh, ^ji^ Bahaleuk^ jo^-^^^^^\^ BaheU segan, Jjjfp ^^ Kam Firouz; this place has five villages be- longing to it : ij^i Arzu, j^\J Nader^ ^li^Ui«il Astadan, ^^>^^ Kakan, o'^*^^*'*^ oU^T Ateshgah Mesihan (or the Fire-temple of Mesihan)^ ^ [sb^ Syan,^/X§ Meder^ ^U^ Heyaz, i^Uul^ Khemaigan, ^j^^ Balaien, (^I^mujum Seisekan, i^^\^}y^ Sourdadh o^^^^ Arjan^ (J^s-m*^ Besmeil, {j^j^ Nebulis, j^^sr^' Aseljar, \zjj}\Ooi^ Deidalout, w^y.^ Deir Omr, U^o Fardek^ o^Jr9^ Mehruian, ^ulks^ JenahaK AM Sets, (j*^ j[y^ Souar al Khess. m Account of the Territories of the Koureh Arglian. To every ^ Zem there is a town and territory, in which re- sides a chief {i^**^)y who collects the tolls and tributes ; and in «• his charge are the guides {\)A\)^j^) upon the roads. The Aj^Jua^ ^ Zem Heilouieh is also called ^jls::^^ Senjan: ( 01 > it lies near Isfahan ; and one side of it borders the Koureh Istakhar, another the Koureh Shapour, and another the (^U^l ^J^ Koureh Arjan. Besides these, it has a boundary (O^jcX^) near L^aju Beiza, another near Isfahan, and a third near Khuzistan ; , one also near the borders of Shapour : and the towns and villages of these difierent quarters are all reckoned as belonging to this Zem. The (jl^ci ^ Zem Delouan belonged to ^Ls ^jj Ebn Saleh : it partly borders on the Koureh Shapour : one border of it lies next Ardeshir, and three boundaries of it turn back on the Koureh Shapour. The Zem (^lar'li^Li Badenjan belonged to c^ ^JJ cX^^fc,! Anted ben Leith : it is of the Koureh Ardeshir ; one border on the sea, and three on oj^ .a^c^I Ardeshir Dereh. The Zem qjIjj^ Karian has one border on the ^liua) 1 v«^^u*M Self al Seghar, and one on the Zem Badenjan ; three on the confines of Kirman, and another on the Ardeshir Dereh. N 2 ( 02 ) 1^1 ^J.j/^ Account of (other J Zems* in that Country. (^LkjL^j}^ Kirmanian, O^^^^ Dermanian, cs^jji fi} Zem Beroufii, ^xj (j^ ja Saied Abad (the residence of Good Fortune) is one farsang from the Koureh of Istakhan' It was ori- ginally called the Castle ofybcXot*wl Asfendiar. In the time of the Commander of the Faithftd, the Prince of the Saints of God, l^JUoajI jju (J^ Ali ben Abitaleb, to whom be peace ! this castle was the residence of ^u^l ^*^ ^UJ Zeyad ben Ommiah, and from that circumstance was called after him. In the time of the aa^I iJJ Beni Ommiah, Juiak ^^ cXyScT* {^ jy^i^ Mansour ben Mohammed ben Jctffer w^ Governor of Pars, and resided. in this castle* which then received its name from him. Some time after that, it was ruined ; and soon again repaired by Jou>lj {^ ilci Dadein ; and when it reaches ^j\jLff^ Heifan, it falls into the river Mouje -^ a^ ^JJ* The river Sekan (^ 1^ Oj^ flows from the village of (jlss:^^ Deihan, from the place called Cj^'j^'^l^ Shadafzai, and wa- tering the meadows and fields there, proceeds to ojjf Koureh, and to the territories of (j ^^v^ Jemgan, and {jjj) ^ Kazeroun, and falls into the sea. The river v.jiaxw-^ Harestek issues from the village of ^ji^U Maserm; and, proceeding to the village of jlsi^V**^ Mesihar, runs under the bridge of \\y**^ Mesoul, which is an ancient structure of stone ; and from that goes on to the village of o Harehy and at the village of i^jj ^ Karzein joins the river ^^kamI^ KJiashein. The river d3\i^ J^ Curdaneh comes from {^\i^J Curdan, from the borders of cl; I Aurd *, or Ord, and derives its name from Cur- ' ♦ The wandering Curds or Turcomans, whom Captain Francklih met in the o ( 08 ) dan: it waters the territories of JjuaS J^Kam Firouz; and, going by ^j \^^ Kasegan and i^y^ Tesoiikh, falls into a lake called jj^ Omru ; it is said that this water runs subterraneously into . the sea. The v'jj^ Foruah comes from the place of the same name^ and runs under the (^Lwlj&^ -J^ Khorasan bridge^ near tfie gates of 'sr^^\ Istakhar. But the rivers are very numerous in this province, and cannot be all described here. Of the Lakes of Pars. The Persian Sea is a bay of that great ocean which extends as &r as ^j^Afi^ China, along the coast of Hindoostan. In Persian it is called the Sea of Pars, or of (jl^j^ Kirman, because that none of the countries situated on it are more populous, cultivated,, or deUghtful, and because, in ancient times, the kings of Pars were the most powerful and iQustrious ; and even at this present time the people of Pars are famous in all quarters. One of the lakes is called (j IJ^Asr^ Bakhtegan, into which falls vicinity of Persepolis, informed him, that the name of dicir tribe was Orf.^-^Tour to Persia., &c. octavo edition, p. 199. \ ( 00 ) the river ""^ J>KaT^ and it reaches to the borders of Barman. It is in length about twenty farsang, and its waters are salt. This lake is in the Koureh of Istakhar. There is a small lake in the Koureh of Shaponr, at the Desht C^v3 (or waste) of \^xj\ Ar%eny the length of which is ten farsang : its waters are sweet and pleasant ; they were at one time dried up ; no water remained in this place : all the small sturgeon (jX^r^U) are taken here. There is another small lake in the Koureh of Shapour, near \^^j ^ Karzein, the length of which is about ten farsang. Near jj^ Mour the water is bitter, or saltish ; and there is much fish- ing in it. The lake ^^ ^Sk>^ Heikan is of bitter water : it is twelve far- sang in length. Salt is collected on its banks. It is part of ojyS^ jfJii<\)\ Ardeshir Koureh, and they say belongs to yf^^j\ ojL, Ardeshir Khereh. Its beginning is at the distance of two farsang from Shiraz, and it ends near the borders of Khuzistan. The lake of ^y^^Juw Sefhouiah is near eight farsang in length : it affords much fishing: On its banks are thick forests, and reeds or canes in great abundance : it belongs to the borders of Istakhar. 1 o 2 ( 100 ) \^f^ c^i^to ^ uC^ <4^jr/^ Description of the great Cities and remarkable Edifices. j3sr^^\ Istakhar^ is a city neither small nor great, more ancient than any city whatsoever of Pars* The extent of it is ahout one mile ; and the sovereigns of Pars had their dwellings there, and Ardeshir resided in that place ; and there is a tradition that Solo- mon, the Prophet (the blessing of God be on him !) used to set out from AjjAi* Tdbertha\ in the morning, and at night arrive at Istakhar. There is in Istakhar a mosque, which they call the Mosque of Solomon, the son of David : and some people afBrm that w^ Jenif who reigned before O Is^ Zohak,. was Solomon ; but that opinion is erroneous. In ancient times Istakhar was well inhabited; and the bridge called Pool-i-Khorasan i]^ (^Lwl-sL or the Khorasan bridge, is without the city. jjC^\JLj Beshadour was built by King Shapour* It has strong ramparts, and a ditch with water, in which weeds and thorns grow as high as the waist of a man, so thickly entangled, that one cannot, without considerable difficulty, be extricated • The reader will find the original Persian of this passage in my " Epitome of the Ancient History of Persia,'* Appendix, p* 91. t Ot Tibenab. ( 101 ) from them. This place has four gates ; and in the midst of it is a singular hill, or eminence, like a tower or dome. The build- ings are of clay. $ w jy^ Jawr was built by Ardeshir. It is said that this place was formerly a small lake, and that Ardeshir, having there ob- tained a victory over his enemy, desired to build a city on the spot, and ordered the water to be drained away. The walls are of clay. There are four gates : Oiie is called the -^ L-^b Bab Mihr 'y it leads to the east : another is the Jj^^ y^\j Bab Beh- ram, leading to the west.. On the right hand is situated the i^J^ oj^jj^ Defwazieh Hofmuz, or Gate of Hormuz; and on the . left the gate of Ardeshir jxiicijl ojljjii This gate was erected by Ardeshir ; and from it there is a view of all the districts and territories* Opposite to this is a hill, from which water gushes with great force, and falls into an aqueduct, which was formed of stone and mortar, but is now fallen to ruin. The city is well supplied with running water ; and in the vicinity of each gate there is about a farsang laid out in gardens and pleasure- grounds^. Jl -Aji ShirazAs a modem city, built by . ( 103 ) on account of it5 vicinity to Istakhar^ during the war*. The city was at that time built : it extends about one farsang, and has not any walls. Here is a (^[^ci Divan (Court of Revenue, Tribunal, &c.) and the Collectors of the Revenue go there. {JJ.JJ ^ Karzein is a small town, about the size of Istakhar, and the best in that Koureh. The town called aX« Mekehf is situated near the borders of O ii Vezd and o^jj\ Aberkouhp iand near the territories of Kirman; and iu^ Herieh goes be- tween from the (^Uj> vJLS* Shek of Kirman and the borders of Isfahan ;{;. M ekeh is situated on the skirt of the desert : it is a pleasant town, and well supplied with provisions. There is a town with a castle and two iron gates ; one called jji\ k^[j Bab Ahroui the other cXsi***^l vW -Sa& al Mesjed. Here is a mosque ; and they drink water conveyed in trenches or canals ; and there is a stream also which flows from the castle. In this village there is great abundance of fruit, and many trees and edifices. o^*-jl Aberkouh is a plentiful town, about the same size as * The war which gave the Mussulmans possession of die Persian empik^, in the middle of the sevendi century of the Christian aera. t Probably for aa£) Katfa. X The reader must recollect, that I have only undert^en, in the present volume, a mere translation. The numerous obscurities of the text, I shall endeavour to illus- trate in a future work, of which I have given an outline in the Preface. N ( 103 ) Istakhar: it has not any trees, {j^^jj Rudan resembles Aber- kouh in every respect, but that it produces more fruit, and is better supplied with provisions, jj j*** Serour is a small town ; but plentifully supplied. Liu Beiza is one of the largest towns in the Koureh of Istakhar : it is a pleasant and well-inhabited • place : its walls are white ; and it was the station of the Mussul- man army at the time of the conquest of Istakhar. From this place th^ send com to Shiraz. Cy the Koureh of Shapour. One of the chief cities in the Koureh Shapour, is {jjjj^ Cazeroim. It is about the size of {j^OsXjy Nubendjan; but Cazeroun is more populous, and stronger, and of better air : the air of Cazeroun is the purest of all Pars. TTiey drink there, well- water ; and have abundance of fruits and crops. Cazeroun and ' Nubendjan are the most plentiful places of all the Koureh of Shapour. ( 104 ) Of the Koureh of Darabjerd. 4 The largest town in the Koureh of Darabjerd is L*kj Besa. It is of the same size as Shiraz ; and the air of Besa is better, than that of Shiraz. In their buildings they use cypress wood. It is an ancient city, with a castle, and walls and ditches. All t&e productions of a warm and cold climate are to be found there; dates, oranges, &c. All the towns of Darabjerd are near each other. Of the towns of o^ii yvjiii^l Ardeshir Dereh we have already mentioned Shiraz. After that is v^I-xmj Siraf^ about as large as Shiraz. Here are very wealthy men, such as merchants, and others, who expend thirty thousand dinars on the building of ' their houses. There are not any trees immediately about Siraf. TTbere is a mountain on the east of the city which they call w^ Jem ; this affords fruits and water for the town. Siraf enjoys a warmer climate than any of those other towns. ^jla^;! Arjan is a considei^able city, producing dates and olives in great plenty. From Arjan to the sea is a distance of one mer- ( 105 ) hil«h: so that it partakes of the land and sea, of the mountainous and level country. The greatest cities of Pars are Shiraz, and v^l ^amj Sir of, and j^Lc^l Arghan. (^IrbuJJLiAj Nuhendjan enjoys a warm climate : it has. a few date trees. (^ Lj u^ouSa Shaab houan is within two farsang of Nubendjan : it consists of several villages, with running water, and so many trees that - the sun with difficulty shines upon the ground. ^^-^ Jenahah, and jAa*** Sinir, and {^^j^ ^5*^ Mahirooyan, are of very warm air, situated on the sea coast, and abounding in the fruits of a warm climate. The Distances of Places in Fars. From Shiraz to Siraf, five farsang ; from Shiraz to JJ^Kefer^ five farsang ; from Kefer to ysr^ Beher, five farsang ; from Beher to (^LySi^ Beryeman, fiv^ farsang ; from Benjeman to j^s^ KouaTi six farsang ; from Kouar to v'jy** OjS^O Desht Shou- rah (the waste or desert of bitter water), five farsang ; from that to cijici (J Li. Khan Daoud (David's Inn), from which there is a desert for about three farsang ; from the ajO \j (j[:L Khan ( 106 ) Badyeh, six farsang ; from that to ^^^ ^^i^ Dhey Mei, six far- sang ; and from Dhey Mei to ^uulc^m Serakiah, six farsang ; and from ^j'S^cilj Badergan to ^J Terka, to the (jLi. Khan, four farsang; from that to v^I-a*w Siraf, seven farsang; and from (j^j^ Douhein to Serakiah : In all^ is a distance of sixty- eight farsang. Road from Shiraz to Jenahah. From Shiraz to jKm^\::L Khan-^Sheir, on the river (^IXw Sekan, six farsang ; from (j^j^ Douhein to aaJlc^ Serakiah, four farsang ; from o^ vy^ Sir Kouh, to the town of _. 4j Touje, twenty-four farsang; from Touje to Jenabah^ twelve farsang: In all forty-four farsang *. * In this, as in the Nozehat al Coloub, and most other Asiatick Works on Geography, the reader niust calculate the distances himself^ if he wishes for an accurate total ( 107 ) Route from Shiraz to Sirgan. From Shiraz to Istakhar, twelve farsang ; to the Reseid Gah Kelouder, j^j^J o \^iXf^j eight farsang ; from Reseid Ga& to JL/TbLiJ Zyad'-Abad, which has been reckoned as part of (jUwiiAsL Khuristan, five farsang ; from Zyad-Abad to the vil- lage of (j\j{jj^ Herbaian*, where there is a small lake, six farsang: from Herbaian to the ^J•.y:5fc.JltXxc <3l-iO Dhey Ahdar^^ rahman, three farsang ; from Abdarrahman to ^jj^ ^.^ Dhey Mouredy where is a town called (^tac*^^ Boudenjan, six far- sang ; from Dhey Moured to (Sy^ ' eighty-seven farsang. • This section has been given in the ** Epitome b/ the Ancient History §f Perumi p. 9 1 , Appendix. ( >09 ) Account of the Roadjrom Shiraz to Isfahan. ^ From Shiraz to^Iid^ Hezar, nineteen farsang; from Hezar to ^y^*U Manein, six farsang ; from Manein to L**jJj Rekisa, which is the o bT cXajv^ Reseid Gah (the place of watching)*^ six farsang; from Rekisa to ^[^ Kumar, four farsang ; from Kumar to Kesr Aaien, {^j^\ ^ seven farsang; to (^l^sr*^' Istakharan, which is a village, seven farsang ; from Istakharan to (j^^f (^l^ Khan Aweis, seven farsang; from Elian Aweis to j^S^ d^C^ Dhey Gouz, seven :^sang; from Dhey Gouz to o,J Kerch, eight farsang; from Kerch to (j^ls/^ o^ Khan Lenj an,. seven farsang ; and from Khan Lenjan to Isfahan^ nine farsang. The bordCTS of Pars extend to the Khan ; and from Shiraz to that, is forty-three farsang ; and from Shiraz to Isfahan, seventy-two farsang ; from Shiraz to (^ ^jyr ^^^^S^^> seven farsang ; and from that to (^[X^ijyL Khurestan, a. small town, nine farsang ; from Khurestan to a I^Ij^ rebat, foiu* farsang; from the rebat to ^jj^ Keroum, four farsang ; from Keroum to Lm^ Besa^ five &rsang; from Besa to the town of ^Lmjv^ Te- * oir«XA^ without the ^ would signify ** the place of the chace, the huntii^- ground," &c. ( 110 ) misariy four farsang ; from Temisan to (^lae:***^ ^^^^ Joumeh Mesehan, six farsang; from (^1=^ ^Jr^ Merzend Khan to (^Ln San, four farsang; from San to the village of oJl-^IjIo Darahgird, to (^Oy« ^ Zem Mohdi, five farsang; from U*#ijj Rousta (the village) to -;.ji Firkh, eight farsang ; from Firkh to ^U Bazem, fomteen farsang. The total from Shiraz, eighty-two farsang. O^J^ J';^ J'^'j Road from Shiraz to Arjan. From Shiraz to the town of {^^^ Jouein, five farsang ; from that to (^.^IsL oO Dek Khellan, four farsang ; from Khellan to o;!^ Khouareh, five farsang ; from Khouareh to (^ ^jf Gurkan, five farsang; from Gurkan to (jlsi^J^ Nubenjan, six farsang; from that to ^ U J^ Hhourwan, four farsang ; from Hhourwan to OJcs^ji^ Derchendy four farsang; from Derchend to <^l,r^ o^ Khan Khamrnad, four farsang : from Khan ELhammad to /JcXaj Bendil, eight farsang; from Bendil to V!;Ut£ \^.^ Dhey Akareb, (the village of scorpions) called also jfJ^ Heir, four farsang ; from Heir to (j^f^\j Rasein, four farsang; from Rasein to (^^^1 Arjan, the end of the journey : In all, from Shiraz to Arjan, sixty farsang. ( 111 ) ^j? ^j^ O^ U^J^ v:l^UL^ yo Account of the Stages and Distances between the principal Towns of Fars. From (jjjj ^ Cazeroun to Shiraz, fifty farsang; from L^u BesaAo f^y^ Jehrem, ten farsang; from Shiraz to Istakhar, twelve farsang ; from Shiraz to {j[^ Kouan, ten farsang ; from Shiraz to L^ Beiza, eight farsang ; from Shiraz to ci-/CJljl<^ Darabgerdy fifty farsang; from Shiraz to j^i^ Jawr, twenty far- sang ; from Shiraz to v^ I vy*j Siraf sixty farsang ; from Shiraz to (jLs::^^' Nubenjan, twenty-five farsang; from Shiraz to (^i; Yezd, seventy-four farsang; from Shiraz to Aberkouh, o^jjI thirty- two farsang; from Shiraz to AjUc^Jena&aft, fifty- two farsang; from Shiraz to ^^^y^ Hoiunah, fourteen farsang ; from Shiraz to ^j^^ Jehrenif thirty farsang ; from j^ Jawr to (mj^^ ^ Cazeroun, sixteen farsang; from v^l^yw Siraf to ^tV?^ Bejirem, twelve farsang; from o^-JJi^^ Mahi Rooian to o^L^ ^^^1 (j^^*^ Hesn ebn Omar eh, which is the extent of Pars, one hundred, and sixty farsang. From Kirman to the borders of Isfahan : From, [j^^j^ Roudan tojUl Anar, eighteen farsang ; from — -^ jUI Anar Meherje to x^f Kattah, five farsang; from Kattah to O^^^ Meimed, ten. ( n^ ) farsang ; from Meimed to ocXxc Akdeh, ten ^rsang ; from « Akdeh to (j^l^ Maneiriy fifteen farsang; from Manein to Isfa- han, forty-five farsang; from Roudan to Manein, eighty-three farsang. U*L^ U ^Jl^j \j^j ^ /<^ Of the JFateVy and Climate, and Soil of Fars*.- The land of Pars is divided into the warm region, lying to the south, as far as {^jj ^ Karzin, and ^ Zem; and ci-/L^ljlO Darabgird, to ^J Firkh and ^j* Hereje. The northern division is cold. In the warm region are comprised ^j'-^l Arghan, and (^.U^xXa^ Nuhendjan, and (^Uj--^ Mahrooian, and -aam# Sinir, and ajUcs^. Jenabah, and — jj Touje, and v^*Lij^ Cam^ Deshti Reihaky and o,^ Her eh, and (^^lo Darein, and lAT^ Jawr, and (^jx)^ Cazeroun, and (^^l^ Marein, and (^l-AyMj Semiran, and ^jLCiLysL Khemaigan, and o'r t^i* Hormuz Reran, and Cil-xwj Siraf, and ^j?r? Bijerem, and o;Ly^ ^jjI (^^j^^jssi^ fle5/i e&/i Omareh, and other places ; but these are the principal. * The title of thk section is given from the Eton MS.— 'In mine a blank space is left for it. ( 113 ) To the colder region belong -sr^^' Istdkhar, and Liuu Beiza, and (jJuLo Manein, —Ool Aideje and JjjtV^ ^ '^ Kam Firouz, and ' c^^^^/^ Gonred, arid j^kjKellar, and yy^j**» • Sersir, and (^Isir^j' Awlenjan, and iiii Fezd, and Jjj RouZy and (^ly> Jera/i, and OCijJlj ^azrik, and ^ Tarjensan. iXfJ3\' Akleidy iJLeJ^ Sermek, arid many other places, all belong to this cold part of Pars. But Jawr, and Besa, arid Shiraz, and iaOImj^ Beshadour, and Cazerounj are nearly alike in climate^ The cold r^on is that in* which fruits do riot arrive at perfection, and where com only is produced, such as Tezd, and C^jfjS Goured, and Iw?Umj jj Roustak; and Istakhar, and Rahban. In the warm places, during the summer season, no bird remains on account of the excessive heat. In some parts of it, flesh, if laid upon the stones, in summer time, will be roasted. The cli- • ... » . • mate of the cold region is very healthy : that of the warm parts is not so goodjt especially of Darabgird. Arghan enjoys a better air, such as Siraf and Jenabah. Shiraz, and Besa, and Cazeroun, and Jawr, are of a more temperate and salubrious climate. The water at Darabgird is bad. ' ; ( 114 ) Of the Persons (also of the Manners^ Languages, ReligiimSp and Chief Families J of the People of Fars. The inhabitants of the warm parts of this province are of slender make^ and brown complexions^, with little hair. In the colder r^on they are fatter, and have more hair, and their com* plexions are fairer. And they have three languages : The Parsi (^^j**;^U {j^j)% which they use in speaking, one to another; though there may be some variations of dialects in diffisrent dia* tricts, yet it is in fact all the same, and they all understand the language of each other, and none of their expressions or words are unintelligible : The Pehlavi lai^uage, C,^^^ o^ which was formerly used in writings ; this language now requires a com- mentary jAmJu or explanatory treatise ; and the Arahick language, (Sj^ (jbj which at present is used in the Pivans, or Royal Ck)urts of Justice, Revenue, &c. The dress and ornaments of the princes are, short coats, ot timicks, open before ; and large cloaks, or outer garments ; small sashes wrapped round the turbans, and swords hung by belts> * Literally wheat^olwred {^j^ ^ OJL^ ( 116 ) ^th tight boots. The Cam (or magistrates) wear on their heads caps (o^U^), so that their ears are covered, the end hanging <« thdr shoulders. Their shirts are of a fine texture ; but they do not wear boots, nor the outer cloaks The secretaries, or writers (ci> ^jf^^) ^ ^^^f wear the cloak and boots, and their habits re- jemble those of the Arabians. As to the manners of die people in Pars, those ivho are the chief men, and who occupy the higher offices in the service of the sovereign, are polite and courteous : they have fine palaces, and are very hospitable. The people, in general, are kind and civil in their manners. The merchants are remarkably covetous, and desirous of wealth. I have heard that there was a certain man of Siraf who had passed forty years at sea, never leaving his ship during that time : whenever he came to a port, he sent some of his people on shore to transact his commercial afikirs ; and when that business was finished, he sailed on to some other place. The inhabitants of Siraf devote their whole time to com- merce and merchandize. The Author of the book says, " I my- self saw at this place several persons who possessedybor thousand thousand dinars ; and there were some who had still more ; and their clothes were like those of hired labourers.** But the people of Cazeroun and Besa traffick on shore ; and they derive their fortunes from this kind of commerce : they are persevering and patient in the acquiring of riches ; and the men of Pars, where- soever they go, are powerful and wealthy. Q 2 1 ( 116 ) As to the different religious sects of the people of Pars^ those who inhabit the sea-shore are of the same sect as the people of Basrah. From Siraf to Mahi-rooyan^ and to i^itj\ Arghan, arc nearly all the same. The inhabitants of ^^j^/^ Jehrem are of the Moatazelite heresy : Those who dwell in the warm r^on are of seven different sects : and those of the cold r^on^ of Shiraz, and Istakhar^ and Besa^ are believers in the Sonna (or traditions of Mahommed); and some are like the people of Baghdad, and have the Fetwa, according to the rules of those who follow the Hadith, or holy traditions. In Pars there are Fire- worshippers, or Guebres ((^^ta/), and Christians ((^Li^ji% and some Jews ((^Ic^a^); " and the books of the Guebres, their fire temples, and their customs or cere^ monies of Guebrism, or Magism, still continue among the people of Pars ; and there are not in any country . of Islam so many Guebres as in the land of Pars, which has been their capital or chief residence*.'* In the books of the Persians ((^tA>w^lj) it is recorded that se- veral of their kings were of Pars, such as Zohak, and Jem, and Feridoun, and others, till the time that Feridoun divided the earth among his sons ; and they were the kings of the earth till the time that ZhuTkarnein (Alexander the Great) came, and slew * See the original of tfiis passage in the Appendix^ ( n7 ) Dara^ the son of Darab ; and thje empire declined until the time of Ardeshir. After him there were kings^ such as Shapour^ and Baharam^ and Kobad, and Firouz, and Hormuz*, and others; most of whom were of Pars, or of Arabia : their dominion ex- tended to the borders of ^^ Roum. But when an Arabian race conquered the whole world. Pars becanie as a considerable province to them, and the seat of empire was removed to Irak. The kings of Pars have been highly celebrated ; their history is so well known, that it were unnecessary to say more of it in this place* Since the introduction of the true faith (Islam), there have been many illustrious men from this province, (Pars.) One of these was y^J^ HormuZy a Guebre, who, in the time of Omar ebn Alkhitab, may God reward him ! was taken by Abdallah ben Omar, and put to death. /^wajU (^L^X*j Selman Farsi (Selman the Persian) also was one of those illustrious men : his piety is celebrated throughout the world : he sought the truth of religion in all quarters, imtil he found it at Medina, with the prophet, the peace and blessing of God be on him ! in consequence of which, Selman became a true believer'f . • Sec the series of all these kings in the " Epitome of the Ancient History of Persia J* t Fide D^Herbelot BihL Orient. Art^ Selman» ( 118 ) The race of Omareh oj\^ JjT also called (^OJULai. ^JT Je- lendi, formerly possessed extensive territories and wide domi- nions in this country, on the sea-coast, in the vicinity of Kir- man. It is said that their empire eidsted before the time of Moses, on whom be the blessing of God ! and that it is to some princes of this family the Koran alludes in that passage, Uao^ aaaxm Jo «>cLIj UJU f^^ljj o ^ J " And there was behind them a king, who forcibly seized on every (sound) ship*." And to this very time they have sol- diers, and plunder on the sea, and pay not tribute to any king : and it was with (^cXJJLsr^ iX^\ (j^ aJUIcX^c Abdullah hen Ahmed al Jelendi that ^.ioJiJ I (j-!^^r^ Omru hen Leith made war for two years ; and he did not conquer him imtii he had called to his assistance two of the family of Omru. The ^UuflJI /Ju Beni Alseghar are also of the race of Jelendi (^cXJULq^ JT It is said that jUjoj I v.aj^ Seif al- Seghar is called after them. Those we have mentioned are the more ancient kings of Pars. yf^jjj\ Abu Zeheir was of the family of (Sji liH a*«U*# Sameh hen BouL -a^ Cs^ ^^-^^^f:^ ^^\f ^^^^ Zeheir was * This king is before mentioned, p. 1 2» ( 110 ) called after him. o;L*j jjI Abu Sareh, who seized upon Pars, was of this family : he retained possession of Pars imtil the Khalif QV«U Mamoun sent oouiJ/l ^j^ iX^3^ Mohammed hen alashaath against him, when, in the desert of Shiraz, his army was defeated, and himself slain. To jfJ^) /^l (^ y^*^ Jcfffer hen ahi Zoheir, cXxiii J I ^j j^'^ Haroun Arrashid gave the viziership. O^Ujj ,ix> ^^ JtlL« Muziiffer hen Jqffler Reshak has it, and is Lord of the Scymetar jAm^^v^ OojIcXsL and from the border of (^^2^ Hei to j^y?:^ Bejerm, belongs to him. The race of Khanteleh, edLiX^L jjT the sons of Temim: ffj^ /JLi They are of the family of ajO I ^^ oj ^ Arweh hen Adyeh, who crossed over from (^. jsr^ Bahrein to Pars, in the time of the Ommiades (aa^I (^^). After the death of Arweh, •• they settled in Istakhar, where they accumulated great riches, and lived in splendour. One of them, called jj^ Omru, was so wealthy that he purchased a book ♦ (v-JCasi*^^) at the price of one thousand dinars, and bequeathed sums of money for religious purposes,, and alms, throughout all the cities and provinces of Islam ; and the income and taxes of their estates were ten thou^ sand thousand direms. wv^i u1 i^jjy^ Omru hen Ibrahim received from the Khalif * Moft particularly the Korarw ( 120 ) / Mamoun the sovereignty of the sea. After him, jjr^ (j^ (j^^j^ Merdas hen Omru, who was called (j^X^ Bouyellan, possessed such estates, that every year his taxes amounted to three thou- sand direms. His son, J^j^U (^ cX^sf* Mohammed ben IFasel, was equally rich. The chief of this tribe was a^ac (^ Jjr^ Omru hen Aiseh. At the time the Turks assumed the Kha- lifat, they desired to remove them from court ; anS the pro- vince of Fars was divided among forty nobles of the Turks, the chief of whom was oJ^ Molded : Having reproved them for their tyrannical conduct and wickedness, they all conspired against him, and sought to kill him : he applied for protection to Mer- das, who saved him from those nobles, and sent him to Bagh- dad. The Turks then gave the command to 1^1^^^*** o? f^^ji^ Ibrahim hen Simara ; and r^^e?? (^ aXJ IcXac Abdallah ben Yahia sent a letter, desiring that those nobles might b!e seized, and put to death. Ibrahim ben Simara took four of them, and slew them ; and pardoned the others. From that time forth he was chief of the Tiu-ks (^ ^TJ' ^oJU j {j^j) ^ Pars. Jo^lj (^ x Abdarrahjnan hen Mqflah was sent from Baghdad with a great army, and a general, named *jilL Tashem. In a battle with Mohammed ben Wasel, this Tashem was slain ; and Abdar'rahman, being taken prisoner, was put to death. Pars continued in his ^possession until his kinsman Merdas invited Tacoub ben Leith» who came into Pars, '( 121 ) and defeated Mohammed ben Wasd, who fled froih L£aj Beiza ».. »--* ••• to «y« Merdu. At the time that Mohammed ben Wasel re- turned from battle, with Abdarrahmian ben Moflah^ Yacoub ben Leith defeated Mohammed^ who went to sea (or fell into the sea, iiUol Oj^Osj), and was brought from that to Tacoub: he wa^ confined for. some years in a castle ; but, whilst Yacoub was absent, having gone to the borders of jjAM^ Nishapour, Mohammed, with a band of the prisoners, got possession of the castle, and Yacoub sent people to put them to death. The race of Saman i^UUw A^ (the Samanides) are descended from J^ Bahram, and Bahrahi was of ^a=L Kheir inO,>.xiSii^j1 Ardeshirgerd : there he resided, and went from that to ic;! J^ Herflt, and conquered the army of the Turks (^ \^J, and was so successftil that the army of i^f^ Kesri (the Persian mo- narch) was terrified at his exploits *. But the story is very long. Xhe family of Saman is descended from him ; and for many years the government of ^-Jjl jjU MaweraVnahr and i^ Balkh and the countries bordering on the o>*^ Jihoun, or riva- Oxus^ was injtheir hands* OomI (jJ cX^I ^J^ JukXyMjl Ismael hen Ahmed hen Asad possessed so extensive an empire, that Khorasan, and Mawarlnahr, and Tabaristan, and ^ ^r^ Gurhan, and {Ju^^ KJoumesh, and * Sec D'Herbblot BibU Orient. Art Sanum and Baharam Giubin. ( 122 ) (^j Risy, Ahd ^j jS Casvin, and -jI Ebher, and (^1X3^ fen* g'an^ were all under his dominion ; at no other time were all these comihies or places in the possession of an indiyidual : and he raised himself to such glory and power^ that the kings of Cheen and Turkestan were stricken with terrcn* ; and he was as renowned in those countries as in the land of Islam. To him succeeded cX^^I ^ y^ Nasser hen Ahmed. In his time no* ' body co«ild oppose or controul his sway. f*y izH (c>^y**^' izH Ls^ "^^^ ^^^ Alhosein hen Bashr was of the tribe of Ojl Azd, which dwelt at t^lssr^ BokharaK He ent«ed Pars, and acquired power, until Tacoub ben Leith exposed him in battle, and overcame him at o JLo Kantereh, a place near Shiraz. He was taken prisoner^ and for some time confined, and after that put to death. The kings of the Zems (^L^ (jy^l&xib : These kings had in their courts not less than a thousand horsemen. The ^jlsi****^ ^ Zem Mesejan, which was called the Ze/n of Jelouiah ai mehrjan ben Ruxhah ajJjj ^^ o'^ rr^^ *:i5^^A^ ^' Jelouiah went to this Zem from (^ li-o ciljT The government of this still continues in his family; and it was M^ji^ (^ Mohammed ben Ibrahim who drew forth an army against Azad Murd, imtil at last he fled before him. '^'^ O^J^ fij -Zem Karian is in possession of the race of Sqffar {j\jua JT). Their chief is [jm^\ (^ Os^isn.! ^^ ys^ Hajer ben Ahmed ben Alhassan, ^^ • The ^^^Isr^iiLi ^ 2^m Badenjan : the chief of this was J^.jyj^ Shehriar. Now it has passed to >>i*lyl C^J^ Musa Ibrahim. Some of this tribe have removed from Pars to Isfa- han : their estates in Ywcs are very considerable, and the govern-* mcnt is still in their family. R 2 ( 124 ) OF the Debiran ((^^jAjOj Writers or Secretaries) of Tars, who were illustrious there, was (^^^e?! (j^ cXxyasrl cXxc Jlbd al •• Hwneid hen Yahia : he was of the Ommiah family, and his stoiy is well known. m \ ■ ^ju^Jl ^ aJUIcXac Abdallah ben alMefakaa was of Pars: he dwelt in Basrah ; and was slain there in the time of i*a^jU Mansowr. The occasion of this was as follows : he had grren a passport, or letter of secmity, for jyok^ ^^ L5^ LH ^ f*-^>^ Abdallah ben Ali ben Mansour; and in it was written. "If this " promise of protection should not be observed, or if violence " should be ofiered to him, Mussulmans shall nevertheless be free *' from any blame." Mansour, enraged at this, sent an order to the Aumil (or Chief Collector of Revenue), at Basrah, that he should privately destroy Abdallah ben al Mefakaa; aj^, Yahouiah, the Grammarian and Scribe, was originally of Istakhar: he resided at Basrah, and died at Shiraz, where his tomb is. He composed a Treatise on Grammar. A great many officers of the Khalifs Divans (or Courts of Justice, Revenue, &c.) were of Pkrs; some viziers, such as the aXoU Barmeks (Barmecides). At all times the offices of state were filled by men from Pars, who are peculiarly qualified for those situations, because they are rendered so expert in business, by the multiplicity and various forms of their Courts and Tribu- ( 125 ) nals, that one person will discharge the functions of several diffi- cult offices. I have not seen any odiers who were so universally acquainted with business, except two or three : y^ I ^ (J^^^ Maali hen al Nasser,^ who was secretary to U^ cjj**^^^ Hassan Reja ; he came from Irak, and was killed at Shiraz. Hassan Reja, who managed the war department, caused a tomb to be erected for him at Shiraz. . /^L^4 ^' y^ i^ v^ltX* J^^ Bedar Hedaf hen Zerar al Mazeni was fifity years employed in the Divans, and lived six years afler he became blind. /•'j\r? (j^ (^Ul* Haman hen Behram was of Shiraz, and belonged to the Divan of Ali hen al hosein hen. Basher:. J^ ^ (^m^^I ^j^ lJ^ ^^ ^^ afterwards transferred to the Divan of ij<^\j (^ cX^asf^ Mo- hammed hen ^^5e/, and. superintended every Divan except that of Ambassadors. . aJUIcXxc (^ (^^.AMj.2!^ Hosein hen Ahdallah, who was sur- named cXolmj jj\ Ahu Saied; his proper name was AhdaU lah henAhnerzian o'Vw^tt^' o-^ aXJIcXxc He was originally of Lw^ Besa, and dwelt at Shiraz, and traced his descent, by the mothers side, from the race of oL?/* Merwan: he was intro- duced into the Divans of Pars, and resided at IjLsrf Bokhara. There is a race or family in Pars, called the vii^^ JJ^I Ahil Biout, to whom the business of the Divans belongs by hereditary right. The family of UjcX^ v-r^^^/c^ Hahih Medrek, and the ( 120 ) family of Faxl, the son of that Habib, are of thb tribe, which is originally of jjyf^ a ^ Kam Firouz. They settled at Shiraz, aind managed important matters, and became great; and the EiiaUf Mamoun invited v-t-^aa:^ (^ lSjO^ Medrek ben Hdbih to Baghdad, and held him in high esteem. His death happened in Baghdad, in the time of m ^okx^ Motazem. It is said that JLH i^s^* Yahia Aksem hired some person to murder him privately. * m The race of the Beni Sefar j\jud ^^^Ju /JT are of the tribe of isJLqIj Bamlah. i^ss^- Yahia, and ^;^•yai. J IcXac Abdarrah- man, and aJUIcXac Abdallah, of the children of Mohammed ben Ismael Juol^^I (^ Os^s^, resided in Pars dming the reign of Mamoun, and filled the offices of the Divan. The family of ajjIJ (j^ oW jr« Merzban hen Zawieh of Shiraz. Ju^L cX^jsf* (jhVj'<^^^ oWJr* {^y**^^ Hassan Merzban hindar ben Mohammed IFasel. After him was v^^aJ (^ ^jxju^ lacoub ben Leith. \o^J>t^^ (iH cJ^^V** ^ j^^> ^off^^ hen Soheil ben al Merzban was secretary of q^^juJ vij^l^^ Hareth Feriaoun. There was not any family more ancient or more great than the race of oIcX*mI J ^j^ {^[j J j^ Merzban ben Feras- dad. OlcX:^ i^ cXy.^.1 (^Ij^-yJI Abu Saied al Hassan, ben Abdallah Nasser benMansour, ben al merzban Ahmed ben Hedad, at this time conducts the business of the Divan ; and Merdshad ben all €€ it €€ it ( 127 ) Merdshad oUk^^o (^^5^ {j^ ^^^/« ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ Hassan^ cX^I J (^^jkMA^ Hosein and Ahmed, are Aumils of the Divan. ((jLjci ilLr^) Many other men of Pars have arrived at high religious dignity in various places. — Xasr ' jjm2X^ i^ ^^jj^M^s^ Hosein ben Mansour al Hellah was of Beiza. He was a man of probity, and virtue, and wisdom ; and arrived at considerable eminence. He said, " Whosoever honestly strives with all his heart, and, separating himself from the allurements of pleasure, shall hold fast the bridle of sensual desire, and patiently wait, shall ascend to the court of honours by the steps of uprightness, and gradually be purified from the *' infirmities of human nature ; or if human nature should occa* tonally shew itself in him, it will be such as was imparted to Mary the Virgin, by the- power of the spirit of Almighty God, •* the fruit of which was Jesus, on whoin be peace ! All that *^ such a man shall utter, will be, as it were, the voice of the '* Lord ; and all his actions, as it were, divine ; and all his com- •' mands like those of Heaven." In this manner spoke Hosein ben Mansour, and preached to all the people about him, till many of the viziers and officers of the Divan began to imitate him ; and he gained ii^uence over the nobles and princes of Irak, and Je- zireh, and Jebal, and Rei. He would not i*eturn to Pars ; and meditating on his own business, he went to Baghdad, and was in the palace of the Khalif, and had attendants, porters, and slaves, tUl at length he was hanged alive. it it ( 128 ) ^^^.Mjj^ Hassan, sumamed Osjoum jj\ Abu Saied, was of low origin. He introduced the heresy of the ^jULam^yJ Karmes^ tians. Having gone to Bahrem on mercantile business^ he preached to the people of Arabia, and great numbers followed him ; and he acquired such power that he defeated armies, and took a castle from the people of (^Ly^ Oman, and seized some towns of Arabia ; but was at last slain. O***^ (^ o't^ Selman hen Hassan was a man who went into the road of the hadjes, or pilgrims going to Mecca, and robbed and slew them: and at last proceeded to such lengths, that he plundered the treasures of the Kaaba, and killed the pious men who devoted themselves there to incessant prayer. In conse- quence of this, ^^^^ Hejaje ordered his kinsmen to be seized, and brought to Shiraz : they were kept a while in confinement ; but, being men of good character, were not made responsible for his offences. . I « Account of the most extraordinary Edifices in Pars, (and other Curiosities.) In the territory of js ^ ^ ^ - Istdkhar is a great building, with statues carved in stone; and there, also, are inscriptions^ and ( 129 ) psdntings. It is said that this was a temple of Solomon^ to whom be peace ! and that it was built by the Dives, or Demons: similar edifices are in Syria, and Baalbeck, and Egypt. '. In the territory of Istakhar, also, there is a kind of apple, half of which is sweet, and half sour. Merdas ben Omni mentioned this circumstance to Hassan Reja : he denied the possi- bility of it, and Merdas sent and caused one to be brought^ and shewed it to him*. ' At the village of Abdar rahman \j-^::^y IcXxc a^j^^ there is a certain great pit, the bottom of which is dry all the year, except at the season for watering the fields, when water issues from it, and serves for the purposes of agriculture and for drinking. When it is not any longer necessary for the husband- man's use, the water disappears. In the territory of jjjj^ Shapour, there is a mountain ; and in that mountain are the statues of all the kings, and generals, and high priests (cXj^ Moubed), and illustrious men, who have existed in Pars : ^' And in that place are some persons who have representations of them, and the stories of them written f;" and this tribe belongs to the territory of ^j Li; I Arghan, at Hysn Mohdi C^<-)y« c:.j***j^=!^ • Sec the Persian of this and the preceding passage in the Appendix. s ( 130 ) At the city of jy^ Jawr, near the northern gate, is a pond» or pool of water, in which a brazen yessel is so placed, that, from a hole in it, the water issues with great violence. In the vicinity of o^yt Aberkouh are considerable heaps of ashes. The common people say, that here was the fire of Nim-^ rod (into which he caused Abraham to be thrown.) But this is not true : the fact is, that Nimrod, and the kii^ of Canaan, dwelt in the land of Babylon. In the Koureh of Arghan, at the village called S-yti^ JJ^Lst Sahil al Areb, there is a well, from which proceeds water enough to turn a mill, and water the fields. The people here say, that they have made various efforts to ascertain the depth of this well^ but have not ever been able to reach the bottom^ In the Koureh of 0>UC**jJI v^U**j; Rostak arrostak, there is a place between two hills, from which smoke constantly issues ; and it is said, that if a bird should fiy near that place, it would drop down. In the {^j^^j cUilO DeshuVarein, there is a village calkd ^^^jJ^ywcL Khosruheirir in which there is not any tree. Here is a family, of whose sorceries and magick I have heard such aa anecdote as cannot be repeated. ( 131 ) In 0j^ jf^^J^ Ardeshir Dereh, near the gate of Shiraz, is a fountain, of which they drink the water as a purgative ; one cup full operates once upon the body ; two cups full, twice : if one drinks many, it occasions vomitings, and excessive evacu- ations. Near Afghan, on the borders of Khuzistan, is a remarkable pile, or heap, called the /^^Ajii Jwi" Tel Deilemi, with a vault or recess, two hundred paces broad, and so high that a man, mounted on a mule, with a standard in his hand, cannot reach the top. In the territory of jjU/' Kouan, there is a certain flower, which they eat green, like the leaves of the jOJScy Chukenden In the territory of Shiraz there is a plant, or herb, which they <^ O^f {j^^ Susen Nergus, (the lily Narcissus.) Near (jjj^j Varein there is a river, called {;y^ jJ Nehr^ Cheen, the water of which is pleasant to the taste, and is used for the purposes of agricultiu^; but when clothes are washed in it, it becomes green. S 2 ( 132 ) m Account of the Commodities and Productions of Fan The rose-water of Shiraz is most remarkably excellent, and highly esteemed in all parts of the world. It is chiefly made at lAi^ Jawr, and sent by sea to ^^^f^ Hejaz^ and (^j^^ Yemen r it is also sent to Syria, and Egypt, and Magreb or Africa, and Khorasan. Here also is made oil, better than that of any other place, except the oil of Kheiri i^jt^ {J^J J^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ Aij-X^ Cufdh. At yy^ Sinir, and bU^ Jenahah, and ojLiJ ^ Kazerounr and — aj Tooje, linen (i^Ia^) garments axe manufiictured ; and the embroidery and clothes made at Lku Besa are esteemed by the princes in all countries, and sent into all parts of the worid. The gold brocade worn by the princes is. made at Besa. This embroidery is performed with a needle : and here they also weave cloth of gold, and fine garments, and hangings, and silk, , and; camel's hair. At C^y Yezd and oo-jf Aberkouh they manufacture clothes of silk and cotton j at ^j^^ Jehrem, fine carpets. At (^I^^cXac Abdejan, which is a town of the {j^,j^j ^^:^^ Desht-i-Fareiny ( 133 ) they make beautiful tapestry and carpets. Besa is remarkable for needle- work ; and they excel there, in respect to that art, the people of S-H^yi Corcoub. At v^l -A*w Siraf they abound in marine productions, and com- modities brought by sea ; such as aloes, ambergris, camphire,* pearls, canes, ivory, and ebony: pepper, sandal, and various kinds of drugs and medicines, are sent from that place to all qiiarters of the world ;. and in this city there are such wealthy merchants, that several of them possess fortunes of sixty thousand} thousand direms; and I have seen them. At (^14^1 Argharty in the village called UCL^UI Afaresk^ they make such excellent v^LijO doushab (syrup), that no other place can eqiial it in that respect^ except (^X^m Seilan. At ojLiJ L> Kazeroim there is a certain species of date, called ^yXA2L kheilan, which they send into Irak and Isfahan. At ^y>^\j\i^ Darabgird, in the ditches which surround the town,, there is a certain fish extremely pleasing to the taste, without any bone.. In the vicinity of Darabgird, mummy (S^J^ is found. Once every year they open the place where it is produced, and a cer- tain quantity of it is taken for the king's use, in presence of confidential persons, who then seal up the place.. And in the ter- ( 134 ) ritory of Darabgird there are hills of salt, white, black, yellow and green. In the land of Pars there are mines of silver, and iron, and lead, and sulphur, and naphta. The silver is scarce, and found in the cold region called (^^U Manein. Iron is brought fix)m the mountains of Istakhar, and firom the place called Darabgird. The striped stuffs of Shiraz are well known ; and in the Koureh of Istakhar they manufacture fine linen. ^j^jii JJ>\ C^jJii y6 Of the Money, the fTeights, and Measures, of the People of Fars. In buying and selling, they use direms and dinars : but since the time of the Kesris *, to the present day, there has not been any coinage of direms in Pars, imless in the name of the Emir al Moumenin (^^jyU^t jA^I Commander of the Faithful. * The fourth Dynasty of Persian kipgs, or the Satsanides are called the Akasnh or Ktsris ; of these Noushirvan was peculiarly styled Ktsri : in his reign Mohammed was bom. The last of this Dynasty was Tizdegerd, who died Anno Hegirae 32, (A. D. 652.) ( 135 ) In Pars the weight of the direm is two ijUJU methkals. The stone (UCa*w) is of two kinds^ great and small : the great stone is ene mun (^j-«) ct thousand and forty direms, like the stone of ArdeMl JouO^I UClk*j ; the small stone is the stone of Baghdad and the stone of Loaj Beiza, one mun eight hundred direms. At Istakhar four hundred direms make the stone. At o. Bekreh, two hundred and eighty direms ; at Shapour, three hun- dred direms ; and at ojsL v^kM^Ojl Ardeshir Khereh, two hundred and forty direms.. The Srfkj^^Jereii) of Shirar contains ten jxiS kefiz; and a kefiz, sixteen JkL; rotels, a little more or less. The jereib is one hundred and thirty rotels ; and that is divided into half, third, and quarter. The jereib of Istakhar is half the jereib^ of Shiraz. The measure or weight (cJ^s^) of Beiza is more than that of Istakhar by about a tenth and half a tenth ; and the measure of Kam Firouz is greater than that of Beiza, by about one tenth. The measure of Arghan exceeds that of Shiraz by a fourth : and. the measure of Kazeroun and of Shapour is a sixteenth more. ( 130 ) JLJ\ v>^'/A Account of the Gates of Wealth, or the manner of raising ' the Revenue. The gates of wealth, or those by which, money is supplied in tlie Divans, are the taxes or tribute : a tenth on ships ; a fifth on the mines, on com, fodder, the mint, the roads, the canals, fruits, iced waters, salt, &c. The tribute of lands is of three kinds : by diviaon, and by regulations and statutes. All the proportions are exactly ascertained, and admit not of any diminution. Whether the ground be tilled, or not tilled, the measurements and divisions take place: if the ground is cultivated, it pays tribute; if not cultivated, it is so much lost The greater part of the country is subject to measurement, as far as the Zems are. The taxes of Shiraz are more considerable, in proportion as their jereib is the great jereib for such things as wheat and barley. The jereib is two hundred and thirty-seven direms. The garden jereib is one thousand four hundred and twenty-five direms. The small jereib is sixty l> guz, of the king's cubit or yard {}^SXJ\ 9'[j^) i and the king's cubit is nine ( 137 ) iu^ Jcehsets, or handfids. The great tax is the tax of Shiraz^ because ^fJ^j /^l (j^ j**^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^i 2k>heir spoke to Haroun ArVasheid on the subject^ and he ordered that a third and a fourth should be paid. The tribute of Istakhar is not so con- siderable as that of Shiraz* The tax of division is of two kinds* The better is that of the Emir al Moumenin Omar, (may God reward him !) and the other khalifs, which divides into tens, threes, and fours. These are taxes paid on the products of agriculture, and various other duties and tributes^ nearly the same as in other countries. In all Pars there is not any mint, except at Shiraz. The land belongs to the sovereign : he lets it out to farm at certain rents. There was not any tax in Pars on shops, or work-houses, or gar- dehs, or trees. (^_^>**ac (^ L^^ -^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ *^^ ^^ them in the year 302 *. ^ A« D. 9 X 4— most probably our author's own time. C 188 ) Of the Province of Kirman. To the east of Kii^man lie the land of {J^Js^ Makran, and the deserts of that country, and {j^.jS^ Bahrein (the two seas), on the borders of ^ jXi Boloiye, To the west of Kirman lies the land of Pars, which we have before described. On the north are the deserts of Khorasan and Sejestan ; and on the south the Per- sian sea and (^ ^yf^ Seirgan ; and, in a comer, a part of Pars. In the region of Kirman the climate is both warm and cold. The fruits are of all kinds ; chiefly those of the warm dimates. Part of Kirman is bordered by the sea. Here are their harbours and ports, which are subject to excessive heat, such as jy^^ Hormuz, and ^jjt^ Jaroun, and some others ; and the air in general is not pure. Now we proceed to describe the cities and mountains of Kir- man, and to lay before the reader a map of that province, such as we have seen it. (Page left blank for a map of Kirman. J ( m ) {j^jKM Sirgan, ^^^jf^ Jireft, ^ Bam, uJ^ Hormuz, [jj^j^ Douhin : these cities are, by some, reckoned as belonging to Pars ; by others to Kirman. {^\3jj^f>^ Jiroukan, (j^jyc Mezer- kun, (jUi4Mi Sourkan, (j^il\ Alias, (Sj^Keri, (jj^^ Maaurii Between [j^jf^ Sirgan and the desert of ciii Yezd are , the towns of oi^j^ Jirdeh, OJjj Zerend, f^.^f Ferdin, (j^L^L© Mahan, anA\j^i^j^ Khebis; and on the side of the desert, near Bam, is yf^^yt Bemuzsir. ^jf^ Mehreje, -^ Sinje, situated in the midst of the desert, and remote from Kirman> though reckoned as some of its territories. ^j^U^^ Khouas, the' boundary of Kirman, is said, by some, to be a territory of Se- jestan. The moimtains of qjIS Karen : (^Uu! Aikan, it^j^ J^ii Deher Houmah, are hy some assigned to wLc ajI (^UJj^a/^ Kouhestari ahou Ghanem. Between Hormuz and Jireft are the towns of (jJi^^ Koumin, (^ ^^^j^ Merzingan, ^^lij^^JU Menu^ Jan. On the sea-coast are the mountains or hills of Kefes^ (jAo jj^^ Baren (^b and the mountains of the silver mines. % In Kirman there is not any lake or great river : there is that bay, or gulph, called the Persian Sea, which comes from the ocean hear Hormuz ; the water is salt, and ships pass on it to and fro« In parts of Kirman th6re are several mines. T 2 ( 140 ) Of the Mountains of Kirman, (the Inhabitants, and Chief Cities.J The mountains of (j^sJtS Kefes lie on the southern border, near the sea. To the north, near the borders of Jireft, are o'^JL' Rudan and the Kouhestan, or hilly country of *jLc *jl AbU'- ghanem. On the east is (jj^U:^ Khouas, and the desert ex- tending towards Kefes, and the province of Makran. On the south of that is ^j^^ Bolouje, or Bolouche, and the borders of Mirjan (^l:^.jy« In the mountains near Hormuz, it is said, there is much culti- vated land, and cattle, and many strong places. On every mountain there is a chief : and they have an allowance from the Sultan or Sovereign ; yet they infest the roads of Rirman, and as far as the borders of Fars and of Sejestan : they commit their robberies on foot ; and it is said that their race is of Arabian origin, and that they have accumulated vast wealth. " The ^ji^ Boloujes, are " in the desert of Mount Kefes {j^j6 o^S^and Kefes in the " Parsi language is ^^ Kouje ; and they call these two people " Koujes and Boloujes. The Boloujes are people who dwell 9€ ti ( 141 ) in the desert * ; they infest the roads, and have not respect for any person. »» The mountains of t^U Mar en belong to the cold region of Kirman : they are fertile and strong ; snow falls on them : and in the time of the Guebres, or Fire- worshippers, they used to come down from these mountains and rob ; but in the reign of the Ab- bassides they became converts to the true reUgion, and have kept their hands from evil actions. These mountains afford mines of iron. The mountains of the silver mines are near the borders of Jireft, and extend to the pass of \^\jj^ Derban ; from that to the silver mountains is a journey of two merhileh. There are pleasant and fertile valleys, with small towns, and many delight- ful villas. The warm part of Kirman is more extensive than the cold ; in- somuch that there is not above one-fourth of the province liable to the cold, from the borders of ^j^vv*» Sirgan to the desert, in the vicinity of w Bam. The warm region extends from the borders of Hormuz to Makran, and to the confines of Pars, and of Sirgan, throughout Hormuz, and (^ ^j^ Miougan^ and Jireft, * The epithet Sehra Nishm (Sec Appendix) is sometimes used to express a solitary retired man, a hermit, &c. The Ferhung Borhan Kattea informs us, that ^^^ Bo- louche is the name of a peopU inhabiting the desert (^5 >^^ *) ' *'^ *^ "^"^^ °^ ^ country of Iran or Persia. I write the name Bolouche, on the authority of this excellent dictionary, which accents the first syllable with damma, and describes the last lettec chim Fani* ( 142 ) and the hills of ^jS^ Kouje, and the o^j^J ^-^^^ desht viran, or " the dreary waste ;'* also throughout Bam and the desert, and to the borders of Kirman, and to {j^u^ Kheis. The inhabitants of Kirman are lean and slender, with brown complexions*. Towards the west of Jireft, snow falls. Among the hills of silver, and as far as Derban to Jireft, and likewise from before the hill of ^b Bar em to near Jiieft, and the place called ^^lai^***^ Mcsihan and (^Lj^ii Dermatiy there runs a consi- derable river, with such a rapid stream, that it is not to be crossed without difficulty : it turns about twenty mills. jy^f^ Hormuz is the emporium of the merchants in Kirman, and their chief sea-port : it has mosques and market places, and the merchants reside in the suburbs. \ji6jff^ Jirefi is in extent nearly two miles; it is situated near the sea : here they enjoy at once all the productions of both warm and cold climates. w Bam is a considerable town, with extensive suburbs. Prayers are said on the chief festivals, in three different great mosques, and there is a small one!* in the market-place. Some of the people are of the Sonnite sect. In the castle of the city there is another mosque, with a publick treasury, and other offices. ^ Literally wheat-^ohured ^^jyf ^OJkS ( 143 ) The town of ^ (^ ^y^M Sirgan is watered by subterraneous trenches or aqueducts : in the suburbs they raise water from wells. This is the largest of all the cities in Kirman. The in- habitants are observers of the Hadith, (or holy traditions.) The people of^Ucijj Rudbar, (^U**jyJ Kohestan, *jlx^ Bou Gha-- hem, and ^Ju BoloiLJe, are all of the Shiah sect : and from the borders of q>*^ Maaoun, and ^ SmU Lashgird, to the terri- tories of Hormuz, the people are industrious and honest ; they ^ eultivate si^ar^ and eat bread made of millet {(jjj^y They give one tenth of their dates to the king, like the people of Bas- rah : and whatever dates are shaken from the trees by the wind, they do not touch, but leave them for those who have not any, or for travellers : and it happened one year, that half the dates were thus blown off the trees, yet the owner did not take one of them. The territory of \j>lm^aj Rouiest is a dry soil. The people are, for the greater part, robbers and plunderers. There are a town and a village on the sea-coast, where they catch fish. It is a stage on the road to Pars. The language of the inhabitants of Kirman is the Persian ; but the Kouches have another language, and also the Bolouches. Fine linen and striped stuiSs are manufactured at Ojijij Zareid, and are sent into Pars and Irak. ( 144 ) The ^jA'U^ii Khouas are a tribe of the desert : they have camels, and date trees; and their houses are made of reeds. The Distances of Places in Kirman. From o^jA^ Sirgan to i^ji^l^ Kahoun, two merhilch; from Kahoun to oIjU*m^ Husnabad, two farsang ; from Hus- nabad to v3*Uj^ Reshak, two merhileh : from Sirgan to Roudan Hemed m Sirgan to O^jij Zareid, and from ^ ^J Terkan to rt^^j^. Ber- ( '45 ) dasir, tw^ in»faileh$ from Beidasir, diat is, ^^Ij FasMr, to Oj-ydL Khemrud, one long merhileh; am^ fr^ ^Lhemrud to Zaieid, one merhileh; and from 2^reid to the desert, one long merhileh. On the road from Sirgan to o^^ KkeheSy one first goes to «aj^Um Bermashir, ope merfaildi: £com Bermoshir to .^--i Beherje, one merhileh ; this is on the skirts of the desert : from fBam tP Jirefit, one meihileh. / ^ars is, from Jirefit to q^^?^ Ma(ioun, Kashgird, one mechUeb ; from Kashr gird to (j^liii^ Sour dan to o'jLiJ^ Mourouan, one merhileh ; ^m Mourouan to (j\jjf^ Jirouan, one farsang ; from Jirouan to {^\.^uj^^^ Kesisan, one; to [j^j^ Bonhin, on^ merlMleh; -to ^b Barem, one merhileh. ■ The distances on the Toad from Jireft to Hormyz are these : From Jireftt to Kashgird, and from that, going on the lefit hand^ to (M^^JjJf Kouneirij one merhileh ; from Kounein to ^^ ^Jj}/^ Beherrengan, one merhileh ; from that to (^IsrJ^x^ Menunjan, one ; from that to Hormuz, one merhileh ; from Hormuz to the city (^ Shehr) and the sea- side, one merhileh. Thesd are all the roads ^nd distances of Kirman. After this, u ( 14C ) we shall proceed to speak of the Land of cXam Sindy and part of cXa^ Hindy if God permit. Of the Country of Sind, and part of Hind. We proceed to describe the land of Sind^ and some part of Hind, and the country of {j^j^ MaJcran, and {j]jjia Touran, and ^JkXj Nedeheh, and the bordering territories which belong to the possessors of Islam. The eastern bomidary of these regions is the Persian Sea. On the western side lie Kirman, and the deserts of Sejestan^ and some territories of that province. On the north is the land of Hind^ and its territories. The southern boundaries are the deserts of Makran, and the territory of the Bolouches ; and a part of this borders on the Persian Sea, which is winding and curved on these confines. Now we shall l£^ before the reader a map of those parts of Hind and Sind, and describe the curious and extraordinary places of them. Some parts belong* to Guebres (i^l yy ), and a greater portion of this country to oM ^ Kafers (Infidels) and Idolaters ( 147 > ((^U»Mj^. Ou) ; a minute description of these places would, there- fore, be unnecessary and unprofitable. ("Blank page for a Map of Sind and Hind. J Of the Cities and Towns situated in these Countries^ * QjJ I Alis, o*jJ* KuJsr, oj^f Fermoun, ^jC^ Derek, UCLlj Rasek, cXJu y waS Kesrbend, o_xXJr Kelaahereh, /^Xmj^ Meski, ijkj^ Meil, JoU^I ArmaieL Of (^Liji^ Touran the towns are, /JLazT* Mehali, {j\^^f<{J Kibrkaman, ojj^ Surehf JouloJo Kandahil. The other cities of Sind are, ojyotX^ Mansourah, which they call aucXJUM Sindiah, Jcyi> Danbul, (Sjj^ Meroid, (Sy^ Manoui, (Sjf) Airi, (Sj^ Baloid, ^^^l^Mi^ Mesouahi, f: j\fi Beherje, a*mU Maseh c^'-as***^ Meshari, (jUmacX^m Sedusan. There are (jIcXai^ Seidan, q^vA^ Meimoun, (^(JJU Midtan^ • acXasw Hetdour; names of cities in Sind and part of Hind« These, for the greater part, are inhabited by Infidels : but there are, in this country, some Mussulmans, who have mosques, and on stated days read the Khutbah : and the Incyan sovereign who dwells here has a very extensive empire. U 2 ( 148 ) The dtj of M^nstrarah i& about a mile in breadth^ and as much in length ; and a bay or arm of the river o' jv^ Mihran passet by it^ and renders it like an island. The inhabitants of M ansoureh are of the descendants of cWmJ/I ^( jt^i^ Hebar ebn Alasoud. He took the place^ and it continues till this time in the possession of his family. It enjoys a warm climate, and produces dates, apples> and pears, and a fruit resembling the peach : it is a place aboimd- ing in provisions. Their coins are the C^j^lS Kaheri, every direm of which is equivalent to (or weighs) fifty direms ; and another of silver, which they call (CJoLU Tautooi, one direm of which is fifty direms ; tiiey also use gold in their commercial in- terconrse. Their dress and habits resemble those of the people of Ir^ ; but their kings afiect the appearance of Indian kings, and wear jpendants in their eats. The city of (^UJk^ Moultan is about half tihe site off Man- ^uteh. It is called the '^ Grolden House ;' for there is in the city a i*c!rtain idol, to which the Indians of the country come as on a re- ligious pilgrimage, every year, and bring gteat riches with them ; and those who pray in the temple of this idol must pay a tribute. This temple is situated in the centre of Moultan ; and in the middle of the temple there is a great cupola or dome. All round this building are various houses, in which the servants and attendatitl^ of the idol reside. Moultan is not reckoned as belor^ng to Hin- doostan ; but theje is in it a race of idolaters who worship in thfe temple. The idol is made in the form of a man, with the fei :( HO ) cm a bendi, formed of tiles/ or bricks and mortar: it is clothe^ in a red garment^ resembling Morocco leather ((^U^ck*^)^ and no part of the body is to be seen except the two eyes. Some people say the body is made of wood ; but they do not permit any one to see more of it than the eyes, which are composed of precious stones. On the head is a diadem of gold. It sits upon a square throne, the hands resting on the knees. All the riches which are brought to this idol, from Hindoostan, are taken by the vy«l Emir of Moultan, who distributes a portion among the servants of the temple. When the Indians come there in a hostile manner^ and endeayour to carry off the idol from them, the peofde of Moultan take it forth, and seem to make pre- parations for breaking and burning it ; when the Indians perceive that, they desist from fighting, and return back. If it were not for this circumstance, the Indians would destroy Moultan. There is here a castle^ or citadel ; but Mansoureh is more populous and improved. Moultan was styled the u^dt cuaj Beit Alzahab, or Golden House, because the Mussulmans were in great distress^ when they seized on this town, and found in it vast quantities of gold, and acquired power. About half a farsang from the town is a •villa, in which resides the Emir of Moultan-— on the appointed festivals he goes into the town — ^he is a ij^*4f Coreishi of the children of Sam the son of Noah, who conquered Moultan ;, ( 150 ) and he is called' the Emir of that place. He has not any power over Mansourah ; but the ELhutbah is read in the name of the Khahf. cXxy^M^ Besmeid is a small town. Besmeid/ and M oultan, and ^IjcXo^ Chendvar, are situated on the eastern side of the- river of M oultan^ each at the distance of one farsang from the bank * of the river. The water used in these towns is well-water. Jojj^ Danhul is situated on the eastern side of the river {j^jyf^ Mihran, on the sea coast; it is the port of this country. In the cultivation of their lands^ the inhabitants do not use water. It is a barren place ; but people dwell there for the convenience of transacting mercantile business. (Mj Jcxj Bileroun is a town between Dambul and Mansourdi, on the west of the river Mihran; and ^ ^ Beherje, and (^\jm^ Mesouai, and ^Lmj(Xm Sedousan, and iuJJ^ Helhehy are situated on the western side of the river Mihran. (^cXJl Andi and (^ J 1^ Daloui are both on the eastern side of it^ at a distance from Che river^ in going from Mansoureh to Moultan. Baloui is situated on the banks of the river Mihran, near a bay, formed by that river behind Mansoureh. cK\r*U Famhel is a town on the first borders of Hindoostan. " ( 151 ) aJU Manah is a small town^ built by q;U^ jjjxllcXxs ^&- dalaziz Hebareh, the ancestor of that race which took Man- sourah. 4^kXi Nedehehjs, a tract of ^at land between oli^ Touran, and Mekran^ and Moultan^ and the towns of M ansoureh. This territory lies on the west of the river Mihran. It is a place remarkable for camels. The chief town of this district is a place of much commerce; it is called JuuloJo KandalHL The men of tlus town resemble those of the desert ; they have houses constructed of reeds, along the banks of the river Mihran^ as far as the borders of Moultan^^ and to the sea side ; and be- tween Mihran and Famhel they have pasture lands and meadows. They are a numerous tribe. Famhel, and Sedousan^ and {j^x^ Meimoun, and &j[jJJ Keniabeh ; all four have mosques, in which the religious ceremonies of Islam are publickly performed : there are great quantities of the Indian -wall-nut {(S^'^^J^)^ ^^^ of the fruit called )yo Mouz,, with various kinds of herbs, and much honey. ^j^[} RahouJc and (j[J^ Kelwan are two districts between J^.U;! ArmaieL and jfj^ Kair : both these are without wtiter : they abound in cattle^ {:j\j^ Touran is a little district, with many small villages and hamlets belonging to it. _x^ ^ cX^c^l Ahmed hen Maamr ( 1S3 ) possesses them^ and the Khutbah is read in the KhaliTs name. The town in which he resides is a considerable place^ well supplied witli provisions, and abounding in fruits ; it is never subject to cold weather. Between aajL« Maniah and Famhel there is a desert ; also between Famhel and ikAjJj^ Keniabah. • •« (M^^AA^Li Tasimoun is a populous district, in which the Mus- sulmans and Indians are intermixed. In this place the only gar- ment they wear is the^ljl azar, or sash round the middle, as the heat renders all others unnecessary: it is also the custom at Moultan. In the province of Makran they speak the Persian and Makrani languages. The merchants wear the cloak and turban. Makran is an extensive country> but liable to scarcity and want of provisions. ^jlOsju« (^ (<*»*^ {j^ Cir^V*'^^ Hosein ben Isa hen Maadan took possession of the district called 1-^ Mihra, and dwelt in the town of jKf Kair, which is as large as Moul- tan, and a good harbour : it has many date trees : in the territory of it is a well called the ** Well of Makran.'* It is the krgesft town in Makran. There is a district called — j ^ Kheroiye, the capital of which is Odwlj Rasek, and there is a village belonging to it called yj^f^ Herman : these places belong to U^ (^ Jdo Zefer hen Reja, and the Khutbah is read in the name of the Khalif. .His territory extends near three merhileh ; it affords some himdred a£ ( 153 ) date trees^ and furnishes cXaJU Faneid (a kind of sweet paste or candied cakes)^ to all quarters ; its villages border on those of the province of Kirman^ at the place called ^^^^jCm^ Meskeni. (JkAMLo^ Resasil and ( which is the residence of Isa ben Maadan^ to oOJ Nedeh, ten merhileh ; from Nedeh to ^jm Bein, fifteen merhi* leh ; from Bein to Kesdan, twelve merhileh ; from (^UJa^ aS^Xj Nedeheh of Moultan, to the extremity of the borders of jUJ Tetar, which they call (j*JO Bales, ten merhildi ; and when one goes from Mansomah towards Nedeheh, to ^jLwjO^ Sedu-- san, the way is by the bank of the river Mihran. From Kanda- bil to ^w^AoM^ Mesbah, In the territory of Bein, four merhileh ; from Kesdan to Kandabil, five farsang; from Kandabil to Man- sourah, about eight merhileh ; and from Kandabil to Moultan, ten merhileh of desert ; from Mansourah to Famhel, twenty merhileh ; from Famhel to ajIajJ Keinabah four merhileh. o[jjy^ Sourbah is near the sea: from ^j1cXa«j Sindan to Sourbah, is five merhileh; from Moultan to Osx^iM^ Besmeid, two merhileh ; from Besmeid to <3jj Bud (or the River), three merhileh; from that to c^ vl Aberi, four merhileh; from Abari to (^cXli Feldiy four merhileh ; from Feldi to Mansoureh, one merhileh ; from Danbul to JjjAJ Pirouz^ four merhileh ; from Pirouz to Q£jj\:s:r^ Mehaberi, two merhileh; from (Sj^^ Faloui to ^loJj Beldan, four fiirsang. C 155 ) / Of the Rivers in this Country. Op the o'jv^ Mihran it is said that the source is the river ^jjsifi^ Jihoun ; it comes out at Moultan^ and passes on to the borders of Besmeid^ and by Mansourah^ and falls into the sea on the east of Dambul. The waters of the river Mihran are pleasant and wholesome ; and they say it is liable to tides^ or flux and reflux, like the Nile, and that it is infested by crocodiles. The lijy vAamj Sind Rud, at three merhileh from Moultan, is of pleasant water, and joins the river Mihran. Water is very scarce through- out the land of Makran ; there is some near Mansoureh. Many of the inhabitants of Makran resemble the Arabs ; they eat fowl and fish : others of them are like the Curds. Here is the extreme boundary of the land of Islam in this direction. Now we shall turn back, and begin to describe ^ua#«^I Ar- menia, and {j\j\ Aran, and (j l^U^ol Azerhaigan. x 2 ( 15ft } Description of Armenia, and Jrany and Azerbaijan. All the boundaries of these countries^. (^UmjJ^^ Kouhestan on the east^ and the banks of the Caspian Sea^ and the provinces adjacent to ^j^l Armen, and ^^Jfl Alan, and (^\j\ Aran, and the mountains of uJ^IsTv' Kipckak^, and the borders of Irak and Jezireh^ on the south ; all these boimdaries we lay befbre the reader in the annexed map. o ^.^j*^tj ob^j ^^j^ ^jy^ (Blank page for a Map. J m I , Juuci/l Ardehil is the most considerable city of Azerba^an : it is about half a farsang in length and breadth^ and contains the Governor s palace : it has walls, and four gates, and is a pleasant town, and well supplied with provisions. It has extensive sub- urbs ; and within two farsang of it there is a mountain called ^j.Xx*w Seilan, which is never free from snow either in winter or summer. * 6Lm^ Kibshaly according to the Arabian mode of expressing the Persian or Turkish letters Ba and Chim. ( 157) t\yc Meraghah is nearly of the same size as Ardebil ; in for- mer times it was the seat of government: it has villages, and suburbs, orchards, and gardens,^ and land improved by agricul- ture. The town had walls i but -.LJI ^^1 Abi al Sah demo* lished them. Armenia is an extensive and fertile p^on, bounded by the sea> and full of delightful situations : the towns are (^Lm^ Misan, * AjyL Khounah, ^jUU-j Bervanan, (Sy^ KhouU (j*^M^ ^^^'^ mas, (Sj^ Neshoui, cXj w« Marend, jJjAj Tabriz, cXJj-j Beze^ rend, (j^j^ Derban, {^\3j^.Moiik(in, and i^\j}[:L Khaberan; and seyeral smaller towns. cciy Berdaa is a popidous and flourishing city, with culti- vated lands and much fruit. After Rey and Isfahan, there is not in Irak or Khorasan a city more large, more beautiful, or pleasant,. than Berdaa. At the distance of one farsang from Berdaa, between aj-T Kerieh, and K:Dy^ Lesont, and near (^Uoiu Bektariy there is a well called ^\j<^J\ Atiderab -, and for one day's journey the whole country is laid out in gardens and orchards. The fruits are excellent ; .their fllberds {yJ^OJ3) are better than those of Samarcand,.:and their chesnuts (i^JLj oU;^) superior to. the chesnutd of Syria ; and the figs of Berdaa are more delicious than those of any other place. There are also mulberries ; and silk is sent frouL that to Khuzistan, and to Irak.. ( 158 ) In the river Kur J^ C^^j they take fish of two kinds, (jijj Rafen and y*ix Aasher, which are better than any other fish. At the Curds Gate (o'^j^^Uj^) ^b^re is a market'^pkce, or bazar, called (<^V" Gurki : every Sunday the people assemble there: it is about a farsang square. Men from Khorasan and from Irak meet there- The Revenue Office is in the great mosque, and the bazars on the ramparts. OJsjjjO Derbend is a city built on the shore of the sea, on two banks of a bay, with two walls constructed so as to render the navigation of ships more convenient and safe; and a chain is drawn across the entrance, that ships may not enter or sail out without permission ; and these two walls are formed of stone and lead : and this town of Derbend is situated on the coast of the sea of (^U>My^l^ Taheristan. It is larger than Ardebil, with many fields, and meadows, and cultivated lands. It does not pro- duce much fruit; but the people supply that from other quarters. A wall of stone extends from the city to the moimtain; and another of clay, to hinder the i^^f^ Cajres (Infidels) from coming into the town. Part of this wall projects a little way into the sea, so that ships may not come too near the ramparts. This wall is a strong building, and was the work of ij^lc o^Jjf^J^ Noushirvan Aadel (the Just.) This city of Derbend is very large, and remarkable: it is sur- ( 169 ) rounded by enemies, who have different languages. On one side of Derbend is a great mountain called uajO I Adeih ; on this they assemble every year, and make many fires, that they may confound and disperse their enemies from the borders of Azerbaijan, and Armenia, and Arran : they are as numerous as the waves of the sea that come up to the walls of the city. It is said that this mountain, which is close to Derbend, contains above seventy dif- ferent tribes, who have each a peculiar dialect, and imderstand liot one the language of another. The sovereigns of Persia have considered the possession of this city as a matter of great importance, and have established a race of people to guard it, called (^UjaL Tairberan; and there is another tribe called iU^jX^c^ Heilabshar, and another called ^^1 jd Lekzan: there are also two other tribes, the i^lvyJ Le- niran and (^ Ijy** Servan : the foot soldiers are mostly of these tribes ; they have few horsemen. Derbend is the port- town for j^Khozr, and -jy*i Serir^ and (^^yiGurkan, and (^U*wjxL Tdberistariy and ^S^ Kurge, and v^*ls;:v^ Kapchak; and from it they send linen clothes to all parts of Aran and Azerbaijan. Here they also weave tapestry, or carpets, and cul- tivate sa£Fron. On the coast of this sea (the Caspian) is another town called ^;)UUj Shaberan; it is a small place, but pleasant and well ( 100 ) supplied with provisions : it has many villages belonging to it. Above those is the village of (^IcX^mj^ Jesmeden, as far as the. borders of {j[^j^ Shirvan, and 9jS\j Baku, and v.JujjO Derir tuk, and dj Lekez; and in this village is a castle so very exten- sive that all the cattle in the country may be secured in it, without any guards or centinels left to watch them. (jmaJju Tejlis is a smaller city than Derbend : it is a pleasant place, and abounds in provisions : it has two walls of clay, and. produces much fruit, and agriculture is practised in its territories. It has hot baths, in which, as at ^ jaL Tiberiah, the water is warm without fire. . In all Aran there are not any cities more considerable than Berdaa, Derbend, and Teflis. As for (^UJju Bilkan, and (^Ijj Reyan, and ffDji Berzenje, and /^2LL^ Shamakhy, and ^JUliS* Shaberarij and (^^jj^ Shirvan, and ^jlsr'i/l Alenjan, and iSlLo Kablah, and asst^ Kaujah, and jjJi^ Shemkour, and OJ^j^ Sherousend; they are small towns, but pleasant and plentiful. JJo^ Deinel is a larger city than Ardebil, and the chief town of Armenia; the palace of the governor is there, as at Berdaa, the capital of Aran, It has very wide and extraordinary ram- parts. There are great numbers of Christians and Jews here; and the churches . are interspersed among the mosques. Here- they manufacture fine hangings, and carpets, and make the beautiful ( 1«1 ) colour called y^^ kerinez. I have heard that this kermez is a oertairi worm *. This place has heretofore been in the hands of i^^ I ^ JpLyj^ Shenhat ben Ashout, and at all times has belonged to Christian princes ; the greater number of the people of Armenia are Chri- stians. Armenia is bordered on -one side by Berdaa ; on another by the confines of Jezireh; on another by Azerbaijan, and Jebal, and Dilem, and Rey : the south side is bordered by the Seghour of )\Ja Trabzowi is situated on the extreme confines of Roum; it is much frequented by merchants. (^^*^l^Ly« Mia- Jarekin and ^jy** Serouah are smallbut pleasant towns. Of the Rivers and Lakes of this Country {and other Matters). The most considerable rivers are the jjKur, the ^j^^jT Aras, and the Oj^tXJuuwl Asfendrud, which is between Ardebil and * The Persian Dictionary, intituled Firhattg Borhan Katteai informs us, that Kermez is the name of a substance with which they tinge or dye ; and that it is said .to be an insect gathered from certain shrubs, and afterwards dried ; and that the Arabians style it j^l>jiflJ! ^^i DuJ-aUSehMghem, " the Dyer's Worm." ( 162 ) (^LCj^ Zemgan. The waters of the river Kur are sweet and wholesome ; it comes from the mountain of ^xX^I Auhileh, and goes on to the borders of A-y^ Kenjah, and passes by »^X^ Shemkour, and through the midst of (j^aaXJu T^is, and to the land of the Infidels. The river Aras has also pleasant waters; it comes from Arm^a^ and^ falling into the river Kur^ at the borders of (^t**^ Moukan, near oUI i^j^s:^ Mahmoud abad^ falls into the sea. There is a lake in Azerbaijan called the Lake of Armia (i9uyo;l C^LycS) ; the water is salt or bitter, and contains not any living creature. All round this lake are villages and buildings : from the lake to ds.\j^ Meraghah is a distance of three farsang ; to (^^^1 Armi two farsang. The length of this lake is five days journey, by land ; and by water, with a fair wind, a person may traverse it in the space of one night. In Armenia there is a lake near (jaaasi^I Arjeis ; in it are great numbers of the fish c Jo Teraa, which they send to all quarters. The Sea of Khozr is also on this border. Derbend and Baku are ^tuated on it. Naphta is foimd at Baku. A small part of the river Tfigris (AJLa^O Dejleh) runs on the confines of Armenia. The borders of Azerbaijan extend from ^(J Tar em to ^^LXjJ. Zingan, to JuLk^ Deinel^ and {^\jX^^ Holwan, andto^j^-^i Shehrzour, to the river Dejleh, and back to the borders of Ar- menia. All the necessaries of life are very cheap in this country : ( 163 ) in it are places where they sell sheep for two direms^ and a munn of com for one direm. There are powerful princes in this region : such as oIm (jUy& Shirvan Shah, and others. All this country belongs to the cold climate. The stone of Ardebil weighs twelve hundred direms. Through- out this country the Persian and Arabian languages are understood. The inhabitants of Ardebil use also the Armenian tongue ; in the mountainous coimtry belonging to Berdaa, the people use a dif« €erent dialect In Azerbaijan, and Aran, and Armenia, gold and silver coins are current Uii ^:^\ oUU^ /ts Of the Distances of Places in this Country. From Berdaa to (j^jj Vernan, seven farsang ; from that to ^jUAaj Bilkan^ seven farsang; from wXjJ-j Berzend to Ardebil, fifteen farsang ; from Berdaa to Berzend, eighteen farsang; from that one passes the river Kw j^^jj^ t^ CV^W^ Shamakhy, fourteen farsang ; from Shamakhy to (^Ijmm Shirvan, three far- T 2 ( 164 ) sang; from Shirvanto (jlsr^i/ Lanjan^ two days journey; from Lanjan tp the (mwA^ l}^. Poul-i-meimoun (Bridge of Meimoua), twelve farsang; from the Poul-i-meimoun to Derbend, twenty farsang; from Asi^ Kanjah tojf^X^ Shemkour, four farsang; from Shemkour to ^jUs^ Heban, eleven farsang ; from Heban to the Castle of jiber Kendman i^l^OJS jj\ ajiAjJ, ten farsang ; from that to y^^^^Jju Tqflis, twelve farsang. The road between Berdaa and J^.ii Deinel : from Berdaa to (jjJa\jiJ3 Kelkaterin, twelve farsang ; from that to (j^jf^^ Mires, to (j^'kA^O Doumw/i, twelve farsang; from Doumish to Kelil- goun i^j^^^^, sixteen farsang; from that to Deinel,. sixteen farsang; all this space belongs to iojJi^l (^ LUam Senbat ben Ashout^ From Ardebil to Xjy« Merend, two merhileh ; from Me- rend to y*.L^-Lw Selmas, two merhileh; from Selmas to (Sy^ ( 165 ) Khoui, eight &rsang; from ELhoui to (Sj^ji Berkeri, thirty fkrsang; from Berkeri to (j^a^I Arjeish, two days journey; from Arjeish to L^XsL Kkullaty three days journey ; from Khul- lat to ^jMuJOu Bedlis, three- days journey; from Bedlis to Mia- farekein ^j^jliU*«' three days journey ; and from Miafarekein to cX^I Anted, four days journey. The distance from Maraghah to jji Cazvin, two days journey; and betweeii Hamadan and Cazvin there i^ not any town ; and from Cazvin to ^j\ Auher, or Avhar, twelve &rsang; from Auher to ^j ^\j Rakati, fifteen farsang ; and one may go to Rakan from Hamadan by the road of O^j ^^ Sherwerd. Kjj b- otos^ Jt From Hamadan to Deinour. From Hamadan to i^JJ (^\ ji^L^ Maderan Roud, and thence to Seheneh, four farsang; from Seheneh to jAJuci Deinoury four farsang ; from that to ^j^jj Rugird, or ci-Aiij ffirdgird, eleven farsang ; from Wirdgird to o-> Kurreh, fifteen farsang ; fromKurreh to — -i Berah, twelve farsang; from Berah to Khou- menjan (^[s^yL, ten farsang; from Khoumenjan to iMl^tyw Spahan, thirty farsang ; desert from Hamadan to the jj\j Oj^ Rud Rawer, seven farsang ; from the Rud Rawer to ^J^jLj iVe- havend, nine farsang ; from Nehavend to JH^iJ Lashter, ten farsang ; from Lashter to c^vmI^ ^L^, Shaber Khuast, twelve ( 108 ) ikrsang ; from Shaber Khuast toj^ * Lour, ovjjj Bour, thirty fer- sang of an uninhabited dreary country ; from jJLour to (jSmocXjM Andemesh, two farsang ; from ^j^MelcXJl Ajj Piil Andemesh t^ jAjLi i^OJc^ Jondi Shapour, two farsang ; from Hamadan to ojLw Saveh, thirty farsang: from Saveh to JJ Kom, twelve farsang ; from Kom to ^jLiU Cashan, twelve farsang ; from (^j Rey to (j^rMjS Cazvitiy twenty-seven farsang; from Hamadan to Dinour, between twenty and thirty farsang; from Dinour to jjj j^Shehrzour, four merhileh; from Sherzour to Holwan, four merhileh; from Dinour to o-x^^ Semireh, five merhileh; and from Dinour to Shehrzour, four merhileh ; from Dinour to ^Ij-xmj Sir van, four farsang ; from Sirvan to Oy^juus Simrehy one day^s journey; and from the j^ V^^ Dehieh Lour to o^S^ Kurreh, six merhileh; and from ^Jl^U**- Spahan to jjUjIT Cashan (before spelt (^U^lS) three merhileh. Names of Cities and Towns in Irak Agemi. Hamadan, ji^ljOj^ Rud Rawer, j^\j Ranter, iij/0;j fFerd-- gerd, ocXJjlJ Feravendeh, Ck*wbL ^Lw Saber Khast, (j^-am^J/ * Ihave already taken occasion to remark the indistinctness of my manuscript, and of the copy at Eton, in the writing of proper names. ( 169 ) Ldusin, (jlojo y^ Kesri Duzdan, iSLf\0 and Pars, and Khoraisan, and ELhuzistan. The garments of silk {mx^jj\), and fine linen ((j**Ijj/ ), of this place, are carried to all parts of the eppire, as well as the fruits. a jj Kurreh is a town of scattered houses : it is called Kur- reh of Budulph ^^Ji}i^JJ OjS his children resided there till the tiine that they ceased to govern ; but the ruins of their villas and palaces still remain. This place abounds in cattle; and the land ( iro ) about it is well cultivated. Fruit is brought to it from Werdgird. It is a long town^ about one farsai^ in length. It has two bazars ; one near the gate of the chief mosque. Between the two bazars the distance is considerable. i^Si^jj Werdgird is an extensive and flourishing city: its length is two farsang. Saffiron is cultivated here. cXJaLJ Nehavend is situated on a hill. It has many pleasant gardens and orchards^ with excellent fruits> and two mosques; one modern^ the other ancient. Saflron also comes from Neha- vend. jj\j i^jj Bud Rawer is a village^ and there is a small town which they call jj\j Ojj o-/ Kurreh Rud Rawer. It is a well*inhabited^ plentiful^ and pleasant place^ where saffron is cultivated in greater quantities, and of a better kind, than any where else : it is therefore sent from this place to all parts. (^LJL^ Hulwan is a town of these mountains. All its wbUs are of clay and stone. Its air is warm ; and here are many fig- trees. o^Ay^ Semireh, and {j^jf** Sir van, have both a hot and cold temperature; and running water flows among the houses of these places. ( in ) jjjjJ^ Skihrzour is a small town^ which the ( seized cm; also the town ^w& Shehrwerd: these are m the hands of the Curds. Shehrwerd is a pkce of which the inhabitants are mostly Curds (i^lyi), and notorious robbers and plunderers. Saul (ciJlU), the king of the Children of Israel, was of this place. ^jij^ j3 Casuin is a great city, with walls and a castle, and running water just enough for the people to drink ; but the gar* dens, and meadows, and orchards, are well watered. This place affords much almonds, and the fruit called )y§ Mawz; and here they weave excellent camelot, or stuiK made of the under or woolly hair of goats. IS Kom has not any walls, and the inhabitants drink well- water. In q>ring and summer a great river runs by the gate of this city. In all Irak, date trees are not to be foimd, except at S^nirah, and ^)UjAm Sirvan, and OumI^ wLm Saber Khast, where there are a few: and the people of Kom and Kashan are all of the Shiah sect, and originally from Arabia. ^li&U Kashan is a small town. Here are gr^at numbers of black scorpions, who kill, and another species called oj\jff^ heirarah. z 2 ( 172 ) In all i^\jiM^ Kovhistan there is not any sea^ or great laker it is all a .hilly country, except from Hamadan to Rey, or Kom^ where the hills are fewer, and less considerable. From Shehrzour to Hulwan, to o-a^^j^^ Semireh, to (j Ut^y*^ Sirvan, to^yi Lour, to the vicinity of j^LJu^J Isfahan, and the borders of Saber Eiiast,. and from that in the direction of Kashan and Hamadan, to Shehrzour and the borders of Azerbaijan, it is r all a mountainous country, and there is not aay spot ftom which the hills may not be seen. Rey, which we have mentioned, on the confines of Deilman (^lyJOii ^^,ilj, is equally belonging to ij^Jii^ Jehal and Kho- rassan ; and after Baghdad, there is not any city of the east larger or more flourishing than it, except joL^u Nishapour^ Among the mountains of this country, the* principal is pama-- Trend OJaL«0 o^/T fromf which one can see fifty farsang aroimd^ and I have never heard that any man ever ascended to its summit ; and, in the romances of the Persians (^jbyw;b i^i^lil j^ji>)> it is said that Zohak is confined in chains within this mountain. And the mountain of (mja***^ Bisetoun is likewise very lofty and dif- ficult of ascent ; the face of tjie mountain you would suppbse to be carved, or hewn out ; and they say there was a certain king who wished to make a summer house, or palace, of this mourn ( 173 ) tain, in order to display his power to the people *. " And at the back of this mountain, on the side of the road, there is a cavern, or grotto, from which a fountain of water issues forth ; and there they have carved the statue of a horse, and the figure of a giant sitting on its back f ." ^ The mountain of {^^if^ Seilan is greater than that of Da- mavend ; and here is a race of people who practise a kind of magism, or fire-worship ((^j>J ). It lis said that the mountain of O j^ Jerth is called in Persian o^ OumU Maset Kouh, and is laiger than all the others. I have not heard that there are in Kouhestan any mines of gold or silver. Antimony is fbimd at Isfahan* This country abounds in. sheep^ * Rather to gratify the whim of a favourite mistress, according to the Persian ro- mances.— See the story oi Khofru and Shireerif m the Oriental Collections, Vol. I. p..2i8,&c. Perhaps ^'yx&y which I have translated G/W, may signify here an illustrious per- 90DaLgt^ or (in its most obvious sense] a Guebre, a Pagan, or ancient Persian.. ( 174 ) Of the Provinces of Deilman and Taberistan. The southern borders of Deilman are t^j^ Cazvin, and ^^lU Tarem, and part of Azerbaijan, and part of (^j R^. On the north it has the Caspian Sea (j j^ CS'tL'^)* ^^ Sea of Khozr. On the west, part of Azerbaijan, and the towns of that country. On the east are the mountains of Rey, and the hills of q;U Karen, and ^ ^jf Gurkan, and the Caspian sea. The r^km of Deilman is partly moimtainous, and partly flat ; the level tract is that of (j^ifJ^ Gilan, on the borders of the Caspian sea» under the mountains of Deilman. The sovereign (oU*Olj) of Deilman resides at j^^^jj Rudhar. This territory is covered for the greater part with forests and woods. (^Umi wJo Taberistan is a flat country^ and well cultiTated : here they breed much cattle ; and they have a peculiar dialect^ neither Arabick nor Persian ; and in many parts of Deilman their language is not understood. Until the time of Oo) (^ jAs^ Hair ben Zeid (may God reward him!), the inhabitants of Taberistan, and of Deilman were Infidels (f^)- then many of them became Mussulmans ; but it is said that in the mountains of Deilman some of them still continue to practise the rites of Paganism. ( 175 ) The mountains of (^tS Karen are difficult of access^ and very < strong : in every hill there is a diief Here are lofty trees, and forests, and streams, but no towns except ^Lyv^ Shehmar. To (jJj^ M Sarein* (or c^l ^ Sari) one merhileh. This was the residence of q;I i Karen, who was their king (O^ (^Uot oLiOlj ^u> ) ; and the seat of government, aijd the place where the treasures were deposited. From the mountains of Bardestan ^j Uimi^Ij i1Us> to Sari, is one merhileh. From the borders of Deilman, and the coast of the sea, to tlUlJCMal Asterahad, is one day's journey; it is not more. The district of (^j Rey is adjoining to Cazvin. ^1 Ebher, and (^Ki^ Rengan, and ^jUULL^ Talekan, and ^j^Ol J( ys^ Kesr al radein, are in these territories; and (jsj^^ Kownes, and (^U.y>M Semnany and ^^UUtO Damghan, and jXk^ Bustam, are all connected one with another. And J^l Amol, and JuJU Melil, and ^j^^La Salous, and jH^ Kellar, and ^^^jj Rouhan^ and dS^^ Mesleh, and Men alhem ^\ {^^j^, and Ax^ Memta, and C^^ Sari, and (jljj^ Mehrwan, and UL*wl-^l Aimer asek, and ^<^*j^ Bemi- shell, are reckoned as belonging to Taberistan. * I have before remarked the extreme obscurity and inaccuracy of several passages ia this work. I shall endeavour, in a future publication, ta illustrate and correct them^ ( 176 ) jA>i4jJa Temseir, and oljly!>*»l Asterahad, and ^m^-Xm^I Ahis- goun, and (^U>^<3 Dehestan, to (j ^ S^Gurkan ; and in the mountains I know not of any towns, besides ^jIa^jw Semnan, and ^j3 Kouim ; and those belong to o^ (^^U Karen Kouh. % m The most considerable city of those we have mentioned is (Cj Rey. After Baghdad there is not in the eastern regions any city more flourishing. Its gates are much celebrated : one of them is called the ^jLLjU o)\jji^ Derwazeh Natan, facing the moun- tainous country, or the ^'y^ i^\ji^^ Kouhestan of Irak ; another leads to Cazvin: another, called the Uk3-^ o)L^i> are many remarkable streets and quarters in this city ; such as oi^jj Rudeh, and (^LmjJj> Kelisan, and jj Okj^i^ Dehek Nou, and i^[j\ yf^* Nasrahad, and (^UU^Lj Sarbanan, and Bab al- Jebal iJLcsz"^' ^jU or the Mountain Gate; and the ^LSJ^ii Der-i-Hesham, or Hesham's Gate ; and the (j^f^i^^^^ Der-i- Ahenin, or the Iron Gate; and the gate called v^LicjO Der-U Ithab ; but the quarter of Rudah is the most populous and flour- ishing of all. In this place are many bazars, and caravan seras, and market- places. Ifi the suburbs there is a mosque. The citadel is in good re- pair, and there is a wall round the suburbs, which is, however, fal- • ling to decay, and almost desolate. Here they have both river water Derwazeh Gurhek, is in the direction of Ji Kom. And there ( ^77 ) and water Imn^t by canals or trenches : one of these is called the c5^tSa uj ^ Kareiz Shahi^ or Royal Aqueduct ; it passes by iSarbanan: anothCT, called f^^kK> Gilani, also passes through Sarbanan. For the most part the inhabitants drink the water of these aqueducts. There are many canals besides. Here they ciil« ^Tate the land^ and practise husbandry, and traffick for gold and direms. The people of this place are hoi^i table and polite. Here they manufacture fine linen^ cotton, and camelots, which are sent to all parts of the world. j\y^ Khar is a small town, supplied with water by a river •which runs from OJ^L«i> Damavend. iL^CS Dehmeh*, and AxJUi Shelineh, are two towns belonging to the territories of Damavend ; they are smaller than Khac Dehmeh is larger than Shdineh ; it abounds in cultivated fields, gardens, and orchards, and fruits. There is not any place in the whole country of a more cool temperature. In the territory of Rey there are villages larger than those towns; suchas jA^lj Fameiz, and^^^l Arinou, and (j^t^j^ Dersein, and Ij^i Dera, and (^i-^yw^ Kouseia, and Ou^^jyw Seist, and jy*^ Khosru, and others : and I have heard that in every one of these villages there are two thousand inhabitants or more. • Or »#ir^ fTehmh. A A ( 178 ) From the territory of Rey, cotton and linen clothas are sent ta « Baghdad, and into Azerbaijan; and in those places which we have spoken of, there is not any navigable river: a stream flows from the summit of Damavend ; and all round this mountain are considerable villages, such as (^'jAjO Debiran, and aa^O Der^ meyah. Of this place was i^^j^ (^ C5^ ^'* ^^^ Sherouin, who was taken prisoner on the banks of the river ^ Jihoun. The mountain of Damavend is the most eastern of all the motmtains in Taberistan, and may be seen from all parts of the country: they c^U it cJ3f^, because that on it there are not many trees. But (j^j^y Kownes belongs to Damavend; (^IjL«I^ Dam" ghan is larger than j[fL Khar of Key; (^liv*j Semnan is smaller than Damghan ; and ^Umaj Bustam is smaller than Dam- ghan : it is remarkable for excellent fruit. {^^ji Cazvin has two suburbs, with walls. The chief mosque is situated in the great suburbs. Here are two small ca- nals or aqueducts, of which the water is used for drinking, and for the purposes of agriculture ; yet, with this scarcity of water, the city is pleasant, and abounds in provisions: It is the pass iata + Or ^yS\ ( 179 ) Deilnuui ; and there are constant quarrels between the people of these places. It produces fruits^ such as grapes and almonds^ &c. to plentifully that they are carried to other parts of the coun- try. This city is one mile by one mile. jyjl Abher and ^j \^jj Zengan are two small, but pleasant and well supplied towns ; of which Zengan is the lai^r : but its inhabitants are idle and not industrious. (^U»»j-xt Talmristan is a considerable proyince. The build- ings in it are of wood and reeds. It adjoins ^jl^l Aran. t Gurkan is a small place, less liable to rain and damps than Tabaristan. The people of Gurkan are amiable in their dis- positions, of a generous and manly nature. Without the city is a piece of ground called ^\j\jXj Behrabad, through which 'runs a A A 2 ( tea ) considerable stream; it produces much silk. This district is very well watered and cultivated : after you pass Irak, no spot is more abundant than Gurkan : it yields the fruits both of warm and cold climates ; and snow is to be found even in summer. Many, eminent men have come from this country. Dinars and direms are current in Tabaristan; and the (^^ mun of that land, is six hundred diren^. i^ljl JC>Mf Asterahad is situated near the Caspian Sea; from that you go to Q«X>Mjf Abisgourif and by the sea to j^ Khozr^ and cXJu^^ Derbend, and (^LyJUt^ Deilman, and other places: in all this country there is not any port or harbour more commo- dious or l&rger than Abii^oun. Here is a place called (jIumJM^ Dehestan, very fertile ; and the Turks * come here from. ^^}jsL. Khuarezm. The Stages and Distances of this Country^ From c,^ ^^ to (jJj j3 Cazvin, four merhileh ; frt)m Gar- vin to Jb^ Deher, two short merhileh. Whoever desires to go from Rey to ^^ \^ Zengan^ without going to Cazvin, must * Cu^P Turks. Jebal, and sometimes to Rey.- From Rey to ^jJSf<^ Mehein, a merhileh of nine farsang ^ ; from Mehein to^Aj Belour, one merhileh; from Bdiour to tj)^^ Kelazil, a merhileh of six farsang (or one merhileh, six farsang) ; from Kelazil to the Castle of Laiizer j^j^ ^lxU, one merhileh ; from that to Oi^wyJi Kehrest, one merhileh, six far- sang (or a merhileh of six farsang) ; and from that to Jk^t Arnold one merhileh*. (^jLwI^st^ (^j j\ • Stages and Distan€es from Rey to Khorasan: i From Rey to [jjiOuj^ Merhedein^ one merhileh ; from that to ofyXyS Kohendehy to ji\y^ Khar^ one merhileh; from Khar to* UCyJ ^u^i> Dhey Nemeky one merhileh ; from that to Ras al Kelb uaXX) I (jJj (or the dog's head), one merhileh ; from Ras. ^ Of a merhileh and nine fitnang JJsmji *i aX»^< ( 1»2 ) al Kelb to ^UyM Semnan, one meiiuldi ; and to C^j\ (J<& AU Ahady one merhileh ; from iSf^ ^f^ Jerm Jery, one mer^eh ; to (^IjL«Io Damghan, one merfaileh; from Damghan to o^^XsL or oaIOoL Khelawah or Khedaweh, one merhileh ; from that to ^jajjJo^ Bedlis, one merhileh; from BedUs to (^U^ M Mourjan, one merhileh ; from Monrjan to ^vi cXft^ Heft Der (or the seven gates) one merhileh ; and from Heft Der to oIjIc>omI Asedabad, one merhileh. Asedabad belopgs to the borders of Nishapoun Road from Taheristan to Gurkan. From Jo«I Amol to <9Xm^ Mesleh, two farsang ; from that to /^J Terjy/ one merhileh; from that to C^L- Sari, one merhileh ; from ^xa^Ij Bamieh to lX**jI w« Merasik, one merhileh ; from that to aAa,U Temisheh, one merhileh; from Tenflsheh to oUIJCmjI Asterabad, one merhileh; from Asterabad to Rebat Hafs (j^L^ -^^W^ ^^^ merhileh; fit)m Asterabad to i^^j^ Gurkan, one merhileh. Whoever desires to go forth from Aste- rabad must go to the oj\^j ^W^ Rebat Wedareh, one mieFhileh; from that to {^^j^ Jerhan, one merhileh. Whoever will ga from Amol must go to U U Malet, one merhileh ; ' and from Malet to C,^^ *j Serir, and part of the deserts of ^yx Azziah : and on the north it has the desert of Azziah^ to the ter- ritories of oa^ oU>w Siah Kouh; and on the south, cJsv^W Bdkeil, and (^lyJli^^ Deilman, and the neighbouring places. This sea is not connected with any other ; and if a pei:son wishes to make a tour completely round it, nothing will impede him but a few rivers which fall into it from various quarters. The .waters of this sea are bitter and dark-coloured ; its ' bottom is a blackish clay, differing in this respect from the Sea of ^Jii Kolzum, or of (j^ly^ Oman, or of (j*^Li Pars. This Sea of Pars is of such clear water that one may see the while stones at the bottom ; but the waters of this Sea of Khozr are dark-coloured, and in it there are not found any such things as pearls, or coral, or similar marine productions. It is, however, much frequented by the ships of merchants who traffick from, one town to another ; and it affords mitch fishing. In this ocean there are not any inhabited islands^ as in the Sea of Fars and of Roum ; but there are many trees and forests *. C Blank Page for a Map of the Caspian Sea.) ^J^^ *^j^ i^_Pa> Jerjir^ and from that goes on to U^ L,^ Kahndkt and to j:i Ghiiz^ and so on to jiiks Bidgar, and &\ls into the sea near (j^^jf Ber^ tas. It is said that this river^ at the season when all its waters are collected, is greater than the river ^ysif^^ Jihoon ; and that it rushes into the sea with such a body that it seems tp conquer the water of the Caspian; and one can see ita stream uomixgd the sea water, as far as a journey of two days. ^ Injrjai^ Khozr there is a certain ^city called OuiyiMl /hitlid, wliidi has so many ordiards and gardens, that fi'om OJkjjt^ Dbrbend to «jyM Serir the whole country is coyereld with the gardens and piantaUons belonging to this city. It is said that tJieie are above forty thousand of them. Many of these produce grapes. In this town are many. Mussuimans, who have motquea ; and their houses are built of wood. The king is a Jew, in friend- ship with the Padshah of Khdzr, and on good terms with the F^ulshah of y^ Serir. From this place to tJie borders of Serir, is two farsang. The inhabitants of S«rir are Km J Tersasot Quistians; It is iaid that in this Serir was a throne, Und H^t there was a certain Imig of the kings of Pars, who, when he gave a principality to one of his sons, sent Mm here wiA a golden throne ; which principality has continued established to this time. A son of Behram Chopin is B B 2 (I 1«8 J said to Bave first possessed it ^t The inhabitants of Serir ar* o» good terms with the Mussulmans. In this part of Khozr I know not of any other town than cXa.v>m Semid (before - written Asmid.)^ X ' near ELhozr; on- the banks called. (jJ^ji ; but the re »% / w^ I Rous^ er Seriit The people of ELhozrr ar^ near the Turks (^^ ^y )> whom tfaqr ipesemble; They are of two classes ; one of bladkish complexions^ and siidi dark hair that you would suppose them .to be descended fi!oni the Hindoos: the other race - fair complexioned; these seM Aeir> children ; but it is not allowed among the Jews; and the Christians to sell, or make one another slaves,. They bring fit>m other- countries tliose commoditiies Khozri does not produce,, such, as tapestry, or curtains^ candles,, and similar articles. The people of Khozr have i terials for making garments or clothes : they therefore them from (^ ^J Guarkam. Armenia^ Ajserbaijan, and' king is styled the ^^ . (^jUtan. Khacan of Khozr. * BduramCbo^is said to have flquriihed in the latter end of the tixth oenturf ot tie Christian aera. See.D'HuBEtOT's Bikl. Orient. AiJ. Bahanun and Serir^ ( 180 ) When a' prince is to be raised to the Khacanship, they brii^ him forth, and tie a piece of silk about his throat, so tight that he can scarcely draw his breath. At that moment they ask him, how long. he will hold the sovereignty ?. He answers, " so miany years/* He then is set at liberty, and becomes Khacan of Khozr. But if he should not die before the expiration of the time he mentioned,, when. that soaceis. fulfilled,, they put him to death. The K£acan must be always of the Imperial race. No one is allowed to approach him but on business of importance : then they prostrate themselves before him, and rub their faces on the groimd, uxitil he ^ve& orders for their approaching him, and speaking. When a Khacan of Khozr dies, whoever passes near lus tomb must go. on foot, and pay his respects at the grave ; and when he is departing, must not .mount onhorseback, as long ^ .the. tomb is within view- So absolute is the authority of this sovereign, and so implicitly are his commands obeyed, that if it seemed expedient to him that one of his noblea should die, . and if he said to him, '' Go and kill yo4£rself,'' the man would iomiediately go to his house, and kill himsdf accordingly. The succession to~ the ILh^canship being thus established. in the same £amily; when the turn of the, inhe- ritance arrives to any individual of it, he is confirmed in the dig- nity, thou^ he possesses not a single dirhem. And I have heard from persons worthy of belief, that a certain young man used to y ( 190 ) ^t in a little shop at the public market-place, selling petty articles ; and that the people used to say, *' When the present E^can shall have departed, this man will succeed to the throne." But the young man was a Mussulman, and they give the Khacan* ship only to Jews. The Khacan has a throne and pavilion of gold : these are not allowed to any other person. The palace of the Khacan is loftier than the other edifices* In the district of Bertas the houses are built of wobd. Th* people are of two tribes or classes; one near the extreme con- fines of jt Ghuz, near jixXj Bidgar, about two thousand in number, under the dominion of the Bulgarians; the other next the Turks. The language of Bulgar and of Khozr is the same. Bulgar is the name of a city, where there are Mussulmans and mosques ; and near Bulgar is another town called^jM *, where there are also Mussulmans and mosques. In these two cities there are about ten thousand inhabitants. Here tihe length of a summer s night is such that a man canmit go more than the distance of one farsang — ^rather, not so m«oh ; and in winter the day is equally short as tihe night in summer. * Doubtful in (he Eton MS. and mine. i m ) Of the fjyjj Rous, there are .three races or tribes : one near jBulgar ; their kiog dwdls ina town calle4 ^l/U^* : this is latger than Bul^. Another race is called (^*l^l Orthani or Ar- thai; their kir^ resides in a place called Ij^I Arthai but the other tribe» called ^^Xs^. Jellabeh, is superior to those ; but no one goes for the purposes of traffick farther than Bulgar. No one goes to \jj\ Arthaf because that there they put to death any atranger whom th^ ^d. Artha producer lead and tin^ and the animal called {o\.f^jy^) Black Martin or Scythian Sable. The Rtisses bum their dead; and it is an established rule amongst tiiera not to shave one another's beards. Bulgar is next to Roum. It is a powerful aiwL numerous people^i for the greater part « Christians. ULkn^ ^iO Of the Roads and Stages of Khozr^ Fbom q^XmuI Abisgoun to the borders of Kho2T^ three hun- dred faraang ; from Abisgoun to ^Um^O Dehestan^ about six merhileh; and, when the wind blows fair> one goes on latitudi- nally (Ljj^ (^Ia^S) in the sea to Derbend ; from Jk^l Amol to ^ A^JCmj Sut&nder is eight days joumey> or Sumteder^ or^cXyA^M. * Gounaidior Gcmudkh.. No point under the last sfUabtei or over.. ( 102 ) Samsider^ i and from Sutemder to Derbend, four days journey ; {ojjj J^y^) fr^™ Derbend to the R^on of Serbr (yywCxXJL^), is three days journey ; and from Amol to the extreme boundary of Bertas^ twenty days journey; from Bertas to ij^J<^ Jehal or Bejebal, ten merhileh; and from Amol to ij^J^sP Toth- Jcereth, about ten days journey ; and from vl^^sfc^ Bashkouth to Bulgar, twenty merhileh.-^-Grod knows -the t»ith. Of the Deserts between Pars and JDiorasan. On the east the desert of Khorasan partly borders the pro- vince of (^tj^ Makran, and partly (^U^mamj Seiestan; to the south it has (jL^ji Kirman, and Fars, xtnd part of the borders of Isfahan. In this desert there are not many habitations of men^ as in * Obscure. t No point. ( »03 ) the (Ajiib) desert, where the Arabs have their dwelling ; or the other desert between Oman andYemameh (or a^\^ Hemameh), towards the sea, on the borders of Yemen, where also they reside ; or the deserts of Makran and cXa»w Sind, in which, likewise, are the habitations of men, and meadows for the pasture of cattle. But this desert of Khorasan is almost totally unin- habited and waste. To the north it has Khorasan and part of f^iX^^AM Seiesian; to the west it borders on (j^^jS Koumis, (^ Rey, and JJ Kom, and (^LilS Kashan. Tins desert is the haunt of robbers and thieves, and without a guide it is very difficult to find the way through it ; and one can only go by the well-known paths. The robbers abound in this desert, because it is situated on the confines of so many dif- ferent provinces. Part of this desert belongs to Khorasan, part of it to Sejestan; parts also to Fars, Kirman, Isfahan, Kom, ,-,L5al3 Kashan, Rey, and the borders of {j*^j^ Koumis, and its vicinity. (^Uil^ J (j^U (jlf^ oW^ ^Jj^ (Map of the Deserts between Fars and Khorasan.J One of the mountains in this desert is called o^f" (j*^jf Karges KouJi, with its four sides towards the desert. The circumference of this mountain is not more than two farsang : in the middle of this mountain there is a spring called ocXu uiT Aub Beideh. c c ( 104 ) o^ oUkm Siah Kouh, or the Black Monntaih^ belongs to the province of Jebal. In this desert ai*e some springs ; but I never heard of any towns, except, periiapis, one little city (^P^. *) of Kirnian, on tibe road to Seiestan. In this desert, on the road from Isfahan to Nishapour, there is a place called a^y^ Jurmeh. On the confines of this desert are some well-known towns : on the borders of Pars, Mabin or Ma- hin {^yf^^f Yezd, ocyjic Akedeh, (^Uiwc!Sjl-4rdi5te>i of Isfahan; and on the Kirman iside, (juflioi^ KhUbeis, khd C^j J Ruzi, land 'jf^l^jj Bermashir. On the bordcri? of (^U^mJ^aS Kuhestitn are jP JKbm, (^UjIj) Kdshajiy and ojO Durreh : so on to the bor- ders of Rey and of ^ly^ Khar, also (^Lv^ Semnan, and •^bUlc^ Damghan, on the borders of (j*^j^ Koumes. The principal roads through this desert are those from Isfahaii to Rey, from Kirman to Sejestah, from Fars and Kirman to Khorasan; the road of Yezd, on the borders of Fars; the road of iSjJJ R^^^h and (j^xAcL Khuheiz, and another called ^*olj> or the new road from Khorasan into Kirman. These are the best known roads. • Obscure. ( 195 ) Route Jrom Rey to Isfahan. From Rey to q;0 Durreh, one merhileh ; all this way, except two farsang, is cultivated and inhabited. From Durreh to (^^jcsr y>i Deir Kahein, (no distance marked) : the well-water here is bitter, and they drink rain-water, and have two cisterns or reservoirs without the town. From Deir to -.^^ Kcih is all desert ; two farsang to JJ Kom; this is a village ; and then two i^sang are desert. From Kom to {^\jfJ^AjJ^i^ Dehieh Giran, (or Guebran, ^j ^f^) ^^^ merhileh ; cultivated and inhabited. From Dehieh Giran to (^U^lS Kashan, two merhileh ; well peopled, and cultivated on the edge of the desert. From Kashan to o^cXj l^bj Rebet Bedreh, two merhileh; cultivated and inhabited on the borders of the desert. Rebat Bedreh contains about fifty houses; the inhabitants are good hus- bandmen. From Bedreh to J^j^j jJ L5^ ^^J Rebat ali ber Rustam *, • Perhaps for ^Xmj ^^ ^ io\^j C c 2 ( 100 ) one merhileh ;— desert. To the borders of this desert belongs the fj^So^ Kouk Karges. At this Rebat are men stationed, who guard the road : they have reservoirs, into which they bring run- ning water from other places. From this to /^sr^'^ Danchy, one merhileh: this is a large village, and weU inhabited. Thence to Isfahan, one ^ort mer- hileh. In going from Rey to Isfahan, the Karges Kouh is on the left hand, and the o^ oUxw Siah Kouh on the right : The Siah Kouh is a notorious haunt of robbers. From Karges Kouh to ^jj^sr jji^ Deir Kehein is a journey of four farsang ; from Deir Kehein to Siah Kouh, five farsang ; and from Siah Kouh to Karges Kouh, nine farsang. ■ Road from Mabein to Khorasart. From (^^U Mabein, or ^^jjub Babern, to a^^ j^ Mezraiefir,. which is situated on the skirts of the desert, one merhileh : here are fountains and running water, and but a few inhabitants^ From that to a^ y^ Harmek, four merhileh : at every interval of two farsang is a vaulted building and reservoir of water. From Harmeh to /^Li^ Nu Khani, four merhileh : at every four farsang is a vaulted building, with a cistern of water. From /^l:i./^l ^ Nu ahi Khani to (^li^ ^^.J Kebat Houran^ one merhileh. From this Rebat to the village of ^LXij^ ( »07 ) Muskehan, one short merhileh: thence to (j^jjJJo Telis, one merhileh ; from ^ that to Lamjc^ ^i Berdsir, two merhileh : thence to Nishapoiir> fiye merhileh ; and the road to the village of C^j^ Chzi is altogether three farsang. ^j^^^aXL Telis is a large village, containing one thousand inhabitants. JJ^ of/ Road of Shoar. jmiU Skaur is the name of a stream of water in the desert. lis road begins at the village of o y Bereh *, on the edge of the desert toward the Kiiinan side. From that village the road winds to the fountain, one merhileh: In this journey there is not any building seen.. Thence to Omru Bersereh, ^f**jf j one merhileh: here are great pits of red clay, and wells from which the water runs into a reservoir. And in this desert of jm Shour, as you go from EJ]Lorasan* to Kirman, ** on the right hand,, at the distance of two farsang, is a grove of trees : they say that here are trees and statues of men f •" From that to the jyi vF M Shour, one merhileh : some • Napoim being marked, it maybe Nirchj Tireh, Yerch, &c; ( 1Q8 ) vaulted buildings are erected over this fountain of Sbur. From this to {Sj> Gozi, one merhildx ; and in this day s journey, itf: four farsang from (Sj^ Gozi, is a reservoir of rain^-water. m Of the Road of Ravan. This road begins at the village of Ravan, on the borders of Kirman. From (^Ujj Ravan to g^^jJo Deku Khovi, one merhiieh, where a stream flows. Thence to oc^Uo jy^ Sur Duardeh (probably ocl^Lc^ jiy^ or j^), one merhileli. Thence to o'/J ^^-^ Rebat Firan (or the ruijEied Rebat de^ serted. Sec), one merhileh : this place is never free from robbers. Tlience to (^ISy wci Deir Berkan, one merhileh: tha:>e we about twenty houses in this place, where is a fountain ; the people here are good husbandmen, and they have date trees. At the distance of two farsang is likewise a fountain, with date trees ; but no one lives there, as it is the haunt of robbers. At every two farsang is a cistem or reservoir of water, as &r as ^Sji^jf^ Bireshk : The water of Bireshk is sweet. From Bireshk to 1^ Jawr is one merhileh : from Jawr to Ou*J Lest or c:-u*aj Vest, two merhileh; and from Jawr to i^j^ Gozi, three merhileh. ( 109 ) \>2j^ o\;f yf rain watfer : the stream of Shour waters these -grounds^ ^smd tontents fidl iiito this wat^-course. Thence to^(J^*M^I Arsel, where is a^mall hill, vone merhileh : thence to a pKou Kour to o Skusty two merhileh: and on this road of Khebeis, w^hen one :goes two ^Eireang from the Rebat, where is the fountain on the way towards Khorasan, there are, for about four fkrsang, black stones. From Arsel to Kur {)^^ ox l^J^^^j^) are small stones, some white, some blackish, like camphor (^^ i^), and some greenish, like glass. ( 200 ) t I Stages and Distances from Yezd to Khorasan. From Yezd to ^^ Jehr, or ^^^ Hamr, one merfaileh : iiv this stage are fountains and reservoirs of rain-water, but no in- habitants. From o,^r^ Hamreh to aJUsL Khouaneh, one mer- hileh : this is the desert ; but at Khouaneh are about two hundred inhabitants, who cultivate the fields, and keep, four-footed creatures. From Khouaneh to. (Ouuyw j oLyw Jj) the black and white tel, or heap, one merhileh ; in this day's journey are not any buildings to be seen ; at this place is a reservoir of rain-waten From Tel-i-Siah ve Sepeed to uXa^Umj Sebaaid, one merhileh : this Sebaaid is a large village, containing four hundced and seventy inhabitants. From the Rebat to Uo j Rik, one merhileh : at this stage is a reservoir of rain-water, and a caravansera, but no inhabitants. From this to the {^[jy ^^^ Rebat Gouran, one merhileh: this Rebat is constructed of stone and mortar ; and there are three or four persons residing in it, who take care of it : here also is a spring of water. From Rebat Goui:an to o-J iaijj Rebat Gurreh, one merhileh. ( 201 .) At the caravansera of ^^^Ic^lJ Zadakhour is a well of water; but there are not any inhabitants. From d^jiLfc^lo Zadakheret (before jasLIoIJ) to (jjjlo Ujju Beisha Daran, one merhileh: • « this is a village containing three hundred inhabitants ; they have water in trenches or ditches, and cultivate their lands. From Beisha Daran to another village, jXj^y Aa^^ Dhey Digur (per- haps a proper name), one merhileh : this is a well cultivated and inhabited place, containing about five hundred persons, who are husbandmen ; here they have running water. Hence to Bernar- aduieh ^UJ^[J[JJJ, one merhileh. At this stage is a caravansera with a well ; but there are not any inhabitants. From this, to Bebat 'i^SJj Zingy, one merhileh : at this Rebat are three or four persons ; there is also running water. From Rebat Zingy to C^lmJLamiI Astelesht ; here is a reservoir of rain-water, also a caravansera, but without any inhabitants. From c^iiLUMal Astelesht to -ajj Berir, one merhileh: this Berir is on the borders of OsmJ Lest, belonging to Nishapour : at two farsang of this stage they have erected khans (inns), and reservoirs of water ; and the roads of this desert are here men- tioned together, viz. the road of Isfahan ; then the road of Rey ; then the road of Mabin ; then the road of Khorasan ; then that of Shour ; then the road of Khebeis ; and after that the road called rah nuh (new road), which is that of Kirman. D D ( 202 ) *j o\j j/O The New Road. From yy^U^i Bermasir to (^(JU^ Resnan, one merfaiieh: here are date trees. From this^ passing into the desert^ no huild-- ings appear. Thence to S-^l jXm AyA^ Cheshmeh Sirab (a qpring of clear water), one merhileh. From that to the village of Salm, fX^ aa^O four merhileh of desert; they say this village belongs to Eirman: thence to vi;!^ Herat, two dap journey {oij ojjjj^) But the road of Seistan is this: From «a>mL«^ Bermasir to ^^ Basekh, on the bcnrders of Eonnan, five daysjoum^* From BesdJi to Seiestan, seven merhileh^ whidi appears :firom the map of Seiestan and Eirman. (Blank page for the Map^J ( 303 ) O ^A Account of SeiestanOr Sqfestan. Thb east df Seiestan is bounded by the (j}y^ O^^ desert of MaJcran, and of the land of Sind OuLm (jJi^j$ and partly by the territories of i^^j^ Multan. To the west it has Khorasan and pftlt of thil tiirrkoriiiis of Hind: To die north it has Hindooitan; k i» bounded on tha fiouth by the deserts of Seiestan and KirmaiL ^j TUirirye is fortified, and has a castle, with walls and ditdies : tibe water whioh supplies! these ditches^ s]prings up in 4lmm ; and it hsA other sUp^es of water. It has also fire gateil. Oike gat^ is called ^^^1 jO Deri Ahen (iron gate) ; another, thfe Clhr^^Lj-^^ Dervazeh Kohen: a road passes through eajdbdf these gates. The third gate is that of d3yS^ Gurkouneh, on the Khorasan road. The fourth^ called (^^^^^j^ Der Beleski^ (|>erhaps for /y^ Bosti) leads to c^u**^ Bost : this is the most frequented of any of these gates. All these hare gates of iron. The fortifications hare thirteen ^atesr one called Ua^ "^J'jJ^ Dervazeh Remina, or Uwu^ MeirMt which leads to Pars ; aiiother, •• ■ the (J ^J^ oj \jj<^ Dervazeh Ourkan ; the thirds Dervazeh Ashirek ^^-TjAjS*! ojUj^ ; the fourth, (^Lm^O Deri Sdni the D D 2 ( 204 ) fifth, v-j'voijSj oj\jji^ Deruazeh Shaieh ; the sixth, ^^^j=^ J^ Deri Khouiek; the seventh, j^ j^ Deri Kar y the eighth^ /^XlwjJlj^c^ jDer/ jBeZfcifci, or Beliski ; the ninth, Jj^oj\^i^ Dervazeh Taam ; the tenth, is (j^j-jf ^c^ Deri Aireis ; the eleventh, oys^ ^%^ Deri Anjmceh; the twelfth, (jUwo^ ^'j^^ Dervazeh Restart ; the thirteenth, is the qI>-5uJ ^^ Deri Zin-- gian. All these gates are built of earth or clay, because wood becomes rotten, and decays^ Here is a noiosque, situated without the Dervazeh P»s. The Governor s palace is situated between the Axio ^^j^^ Derwd^ zeh Taam and Dervazeh Pars. Between ttese two gates> also, is a lodge or dwellings erected by ^Lyju) or hospital for the sick. And from this bazar there is a daily revenue of a thousand direms. ( 2ro6 ) - In this city are streams of nmning water : one passes by the Dervazeh Kohen ; another by the Dervazeh Nu ; and another by the gate of Taam : where these three meet together/ they turn a miU. Near the mos^e is a large feservoir of water ; from which a stream flows^ and enters the gardens belonging to the principal houses. The greatest number of houses are about the suburbs ; th^ citadel^ howerer^ hajs its ^rdens and running streams. Some land in the vicinity of this city is barren and sandy. The air IS very warm. Here they have dates: there are no hills. In winter there is no snow : in general there is a windj, and they have windmills accordingly. Between Kirman and Seiestan there are some considerable buildings^ the remains^ it is said^, of the antient city called ^Cj^^ryi^ Aj Ram Sh^hristan i , ^nd^ tb^^ say the river of Seiestan (^Umaa>m i^jj runs through this place. The city of Zerenje was bvUt by men ori^ally of this Ram Shdir. Of the Rivers af this Country (Sejestan.} The most considerable river of Sejestan is called the ^ i^jt^ Rudi Heir mend, which comes frQm jmt Gham ( nod ) the cify of cUmj Bast, and from that runs to Sejestan^ to the lake Zareh ojj (^b ^O. This lake is vwy small> when the waters of the riirer a« not copious ; when the riTer is fVill, the lake increases accordingly. The length of this lake is about thirty farsang from the quarter of Oojf^Gouid, on the Kouhistan rokd ((jUi*v' ^^ *^ road of Pars. In breadth this lake is about one merhileh. Its waters are sweet and wholesome, and afford abundance of fish. All about this lake are situated villages and Si^i^l towns, eitcept- ing on that side next the desert, where there are not any habita^ tions or buil^ngs. The cXJUjA^ <^j^ Heirmend is a large river, and goes one Stage {ijji^ ^<^) f^Ofn Seistan. There are some other streams^ as that which runs to JuJ Lesker; another called Ojyyyjj Sebirud 6t c^Uaam Seibud ; and another called Ojj ojLm Siareh Rud, Or Sibareh : and in the seasons that these streams are fuU^ boats come down the Heirmund from Bost to Seistan ; and the rivers of Seistan all proceed from the ojU**j Siareh Rud. There is another stream called &AXi& ^^J Bud Shaabeh, which affords water to thirty different villages. There is another river here, called .Xa^ i^JJ Rud Meila, which is said to fall into the lake Zareh. On the road to cZ'um^ Bost, over this river, they have constructed a bridge of boats, like those bridges which are in Irak. Of the streams which fall into the lake ZardL one ( 207 ) ^ 13 the J^tc i^jj Bud Jamil, which comes from the low groiuds of o J Fereh ; and Uumj &^j^ Rudi Sek, which comes out of j^t Gkawr : its waters are almost consumed in passing through the land ; but what remains of it £dls into the Zareh lake. Sejestan is a fertile and fine country: it produces dates in abundance. Most of the inhabitants are wealthy and opulent^ ' In the district called W^ Reheje, they apply themselves very much to farming and husbandry. In this district are the towns of Jo Tell, and (j*-xjO Darghes, on the banks of the OJL«^x^ Heirmend ; and (^^^%ij Toghahiy and ^f^^ Khilje, and Ju \^ Kabul, and jjt Ghaur, are of jtbe colder climate. The Khiljians are o£ a Tuikish {{j^J Tartar) race, who, in ancient times^ settled in this country, between Hindoostan and jdie borders of Sgestan. Tbey resembk liie Turks or Tartars in personal appeu»aee^ and^ retain the dress and customs of that na- tion ; and all speak the Turkish language* J Bost is one of the principal cities in the prorince of Se^ jestan ; except ff[j^ Zirenje, no city is larger than it. The in- habitants of Bost are polite and generous, resembling, in dress and manners, the people of Irak- It is a city well supplied with provisions, fruits, and dates: they trade from this city with Hindoostan. ( 208 ) ^«^*^ Ghaznein is a small city, one merhileh firom Seiestan. From the vicinity of this place came the * (^Lj^tLb SqffdrianSp who conquered Pars, Sejestan, Khorasan, and Kirman: they were four brothers, OuJ (jlOo) J f^^^^ JMd jj^ k^jxxj Ya^ couhy Omni, Taker, and Ali, the sons of Leith. Taher was killed at the gates of Bost. Tacoub died at his return from Bagh- dad, and bis tomb is at Nishapour. AU spent some time in (^(T-/ Gurkan; then settled in ^jU>MJ^ii Dehestan. Tacoub, it is said, had originally been the servant of a coppersmith ; and Omru, a camel-driven LL l^auk is a small town near Bost : it has a suburb, or neighbouring village, which suppUes fruits and grapes for all parts of Seiestan : it has also reservoirs of water, oy Fereh is a large town. In the neighbouring villages there is much farming car- ried on ; and there, also, are dates in great abundance, jjli^ Daver, and (^UUli> Talecan, are at two menzils distance from them : they are small towns near OJk^jjjf3 Firouzmend, with running water and cultivated grounds. * For aoecdoCes of this eztraordiiuuy £iinily, see Ihe BiUiotbtfUe Oriifitali of D'Hkrbelot, articles Soffarian^ and Leith, &c« ( 20Q ) » 9 ■ ■ •> ■ » ., ■ ' 4 Tilt! '^ • !' * '-',; , 't^Ax r I r ^ylXiM-jiw v:yUl*»*-« -/ 1 I Distances and Stages of Sejestan. The first mertuleh from Sejestan to Herat is called aJa/IT Gurkouneh, three farsang. From ^ Guiicouneh to jKj Peir, four farsang: tlicnce to jJa. Herir, one mefhileh: thence to the bridge of the river of o J Fereh, one merhileh ; and from the bridge to Fereh, one merhileh : from q^O Dereh to (^Lwa-T Kou- &an, one nierhileh: thid is die boundarj of Sejestan. From Kou- san to (jlJbtil Asferdn, one merhileh : frotla^\JbiA'Asferar to ijj^'Kiriz, one m^hileh: from Kariz to Siah &ouh, one merhildi. > « A^^W''- ■ ,. I • • . ■ « ■ v,^\)«kJ ^ U^-^^MJ^^ ^1 vIj Boad from Sejestan to Bost. TflS first merhileh of this way is called ^jmj ResouJc : to j>jf^ Serur, one merhileh ; to the Dhey (^j^ Heruri, one merhileh. A narrow river (Udj perhaps the river*s nflme) crosses this road : over it there is a bridge constructed of brick. From this bridge of Heruri to Rebat UC^i^ Dhehek one menzil : thence £ £ ( 210 ) to Rebat j4MiJt Azsour, one menzil: then another Rebat; also the Rebat (^UmJ^ Hestan; from Rebat Hestan to Rebat AXJIcXxfi Abdallah ; and from Rebat AbdalUh to Bost ; and from Rebat UL^O Dhehek to within one farsang of Bost^ the whole is desert. Mwtdfnmi Bott to Qhizni. FllQM Bost tfii Rc^t O^i^j^ FUvuanenet, one raenztt: ^enfi^%9^ RldMt Q^tiw# Mckaun,, <»e nenxdL: from A&aun to Rc^ hat y Kkr^ oae kiqmiL; thence to the place called J^jjJL Roha or Rohaje, one menzil : thence to i^\JT (^>*aXmJ Nufkeen dbad (or Tuskeen)^ one menzil : thence to ajLil^ Khorasaneh, one menzil i thence to v'tA*** ^^-ij Rchat Sirab, one menzil ; thence to (<^<^l Audqfi, ox Adeli# ovifi menzil ; thence to Rebat i^bU^A:^ Chungalabad, one menzil ; thence to ^jc ^^^ Dhey aoum, one menzil; thonce t» IHiey C^l:^ Khast, one menzil; thence to Dhej A^ji^ Jumah; one menzil; thence to ^ImuUL fUMbtm^f one mfinsil. Tbe^ boisiidwiy b thft ^dlkgie or Dhey ^^y^UicL Khescyly; axui the Rebat (<*0 j\ji Heitar Hhey is v«py laige^ and the first ithin the bocdcm of ^ji Qhizali thence to (^^ Ghbsm » sixteen merhileh. ( an ) Road from Sejestan by the Deserts From ^^ Itohah to Rehat {jifSAM Senkin, ond meniul: thence to Rebat f^Bom; thence to (^las^^^^ iSe/ti/a/i; total, fourteen merhilehi (j^[i J o^-y^ O^^^******* J' ^b Road from S^estan to Kirman and Fars. Th£ first stage on the Fars road is {^[jj^ Khaveran: the second, Rebat U^'^ Daruh ; from Daruk to ^^ Berin, and thence to lXJLI^ j\^ Gau Pelenk; thence to i^mU io^u Rebat Masi; thenctf to Rebat i^^ Cazii thence to Rebat (^IsT^I J^ Keramhan i which fire stages, altogether, are eight merhildi. There are five towns on the borders of Kirman, be- longing to Seistan, built by ki^ jj^ Omni Leith : here is the (^Uj/^ o JLui Kantereh Kirman, which is a bridge ; and vJ^Uj Tauk, on the road of jfj/^ Cfouir, five farsang. From Seistan to Oj^ Hareh, (or oJ Fereh), one merhileh; between Fereh and (^ J Kutreen, and between ♦*♦ and o-i Farreh, three merr E s 2 ( 212 ) hileh; and this Farreh is opposite Kumeen or (j^jS Kerhin, near the desert. vJilL Tauk is on the road of jj^ Gouiri From Bost to (jUy^ Sirvarif two 'merhileh; on the road of lUii DuaVy cross the river Heirmend^ one merhileh : thence to jji^x^O Durghesh, one day's journey : from (jmju Naas to (C\^sr Hejrai, about one fisu'sang; from c^lysr Hejrai ta (^Va-AM-t ^^jfy^;^ three melftileh. Now we proceed to describe the region of Khorasan^ Account of the Province of Khorasan.. '' Khorasan, on the east^ is bounded By part of Sejestan and Hindoostan ; because all that lies beyond Gbaur may be esteemed in Hindoostan. To the west lie the desert of aJ ^ Ghazneh, and the borders of ^j ^jTGwrkan. To the north of Khbrasah^ jyiXJIijl^ Maweralnahr, ihd some towns of i^[jLiJ^J Tiirhesfan. Te the south the deserts of Fars and (j*j^jS Koumis, part of which extends towards the borders of (j^jf^Gurhan, (^U»MyiJlo Ta- haristan, (Sj ^^f and the hills of SjC^ DilemV Now it is time to exhibit a Map of Khorasan, and to describe itfe various divisions. * ( 218 ) »'•' •>';•',■ V (Blank Page for Hie Map.} : From the borders oi \^\j^ J^ Kirman to the coast of the Caspian jfL. C^bjii, iand to the boundary oi j/}j\yL, Khuarezrn is all well mhabited^ and cultivated, and fertile* The citiies of (jfhief note m Khorasan- are these four : • w« Merui and ^•Balkhy andj^UijJ Nishapour, and i \J^ Herat The others belong to the various Kourchs (^l#^): or districts ; as (^U*w^ Kuhestan, L*J NesarSndfj^j^L^Sarkhes, and (jj Juwl Asferin, and O^^ Bouskek, and (j*4jsyj\j Barghis^ and 0*Lij^ ^^^ £i£Ay> JRe^/iafc, andOjJfj w« Meru-al-roud, and (^UISja^ Gour- kananj and' (jIamj^^^* Ghurjestan, and (jtycb Bamian, and (^tXfcwjlskr' Tokharestan, and ^ Zam, and Jk^ ^moZ. We speakof >J;I^^ jKftuareism} as belonging to •Jj[^jU Mawcr- alnahr, or Transoxania. The city of Nishapour is situated on a level" groundi and extends one fiarsang in every diifection : the buildings^ are of clay- There* are two considerable suburbs, well inhabited^ with mosques. Here is a place which they call olf^J^ Leshkur gah *; and the go- ' ^ Station of Ac araiy. ( 214 ) vernor s palace is situated in the (^^jiM^i. (j ^<^^ Meidan near which is also the prison. The goyemor s palace was buih by order of Omru ben Leith. There are four gates. One is called i]^.j^ Der-i-poul ; ano- ther^ Juojiuo (^^^oj^jj^ Derwazeh Goui Mocuel ; the third is ddled^OJLyj jC^ Der-i^Kohendez ; and the fourth, Derwaxeh poul Nekein ^j^fSj Jjjj o)UjO. Kohender is without the sub* urbs. The gate which leads toward Balkh and Maweralnahr is called UCj^rk oj\jjO Derwazeh Khehuk ; and ^e gate towards ^j^jf Gurkan and ^IjC Irak b called ujUi^ ^^JJ^ Der^ wazeh Ishab. On the road leading to Fkrs and Kuhestan there ii a gate called (ju^jf^ ^^J^^ Derwazeh Seirpes. In the suburbt are two market places, or bazars, and fountains of water. The.dty of Nishapour is watered by a subterraneous stream, which is conveyed to the fields and gardens, and falls into cisterns and reservoirs without the town; and there is a considerable stream, that waters the city and villages about it : this stream is called Uum Seka. In all the province of Khorasan there is not any city larger than Nishapour, nor any blessed with a more pure and temperate air. Here they make garments of silk and fine linen, which are in such esteem that they send them to all quarters. The places depending on, and bounding Nishapour, are nume- ( 919 ) toQB and extensiye ; as (^ \(jj^ Bourkan, and ^lU Mcuaip and kSjjXjm Sebitek, and (j^J Turkan, and (^^jj Zozen^ and ^jis^jjJJJ^ Kanderuhan, and qjI^ Daue/i, and^Uo^t ^rd- £;ar/ and cVjXjiyMcL Khosrugird, and oUU^yi Bahmanahad, and o^r^ Kherinan^ and ^j ijj^ Saruan, and oOl^^ iZem« vadeh, and ^U^n^y^ Mihrjan, and (^JJumI Asferin, and ^^.jcX;^ Zeidin, and ^ ITy Gurkaih and Tons, ta the north of Nisha* pour» where is Ihe meshid of All ben Mousa al Redha, on whom be the blessii^ of God! There, also, is the bunal*place o£ Haroun^. In the mountains of Nishapour and Tous they find Turquoiises. In former times the goyernors of Khorasan resided at Meru, or at Balkh; but the Taherianf family made Nishapour the capitals Many illustrious personages and learned men, as is well known^ have issued from this place. The city of jw# Meru, which is also called (j^Lsry*** jy€ Meru Shuhjcui, is yery ancient. Some say it was originally built by Tahmuras> or by Dhul Kemein (Alexander the Great). Here are three celebrated mosques : . one which was erected at the first introduction of Islam, they call the old mosque. Four streanM^ ^ The Khalif Haroun Arrashid died in the year of the Hcgira 1 93, (A. D* 808.) t The Taherian Dynasty began in the year of the Hegira 225, (A. D. 839), and hst^A fifty-six yean : it eonsicted of fiyci Brinoes*. \ ( 216 ) water this city : near one of these the ancient walls and bniMhiga were situated, of which some vestiges may yet be seen. TTien;* are four gates : one, the qUi;Ui jO Deri Sharistan, near the great mosque: the second is called ^^[s:!^ ^i^ Deri Shehjan; the third, ^j ji^ Deri Ber ; the fourth, (^ ^$Cj^ jii Deri Mish- hart ; this is the gate oi Khorasan. Near this gate was the camp and palace of Mamoun, where he resided until his succession to the khalifat. The J^^l Ojj Rudi Amol is a considerable river: those streams which we have mentioned, all proceed from it; and it is called the V^j^ Murghab or the Water of Meru f Here Yezd^rd, the last Persian monarch, was slain in a mill ; which circumstance gave to the Mussulmans possession of Far- sistan: From Meru also rose the splendour of the Abbassides ; and Mamoun was at Meru when he became heir to the Khalifat. Various gallant generals and illustrious learned men has Meru produced ; so that m more remote times, it was remarkable above all other places of Iran, ^jjji Barzouieh, the physician who excelled' all others of his profession, and cXjj^U Barbuda the musician who composed such del^htful airs, were of this place. The melodies of Barbud are still imitated in this country. The fruits of Meru are finer than those of any other place ; and one cannot see in any other city such palaces, with groves, apd streams and gardens. They manufacture silk at Meru; and I ( 217 ) heave heard that the art of making it was originally transferred from Mem to Taberistan, and that they still send to Mem for the eggs of the silkworms, from the other cities. The cotton and linen of Mem are also highly esteemed. lol J^ Herat * is the name of a city to which belong the follow- ing places: ^.JiJl^ Malef, (^Lm^2^ Hessan, i^{lj^\Aserinanf, AjJ Auheh, iiLiljU Marabad, (^Uilo Dashan, ^jJ^Kerukh, ^Sa^u:^ Htist, (jl-iiU Masheran^ jC^\ Ader, io^j\yJ<^ Sheker Kuaran, y^JL^jj Kousef, {^\^\ Ashran. The city of has a castle with ditches. This castle is situated in the center of the town, and is fortified with very strong walls. ^cXaJJ Kehendiz, with its mosque, belongs to this city. The governor V palace is situated iii the suburb called c^bl (^iMityrL Khorasan Abad. Herat extends about half a farsang on the road of Busheng or Pusheng ^^JJjLjj. There are four gates ; one on the road to Balkh ; another, on the Nishapour road, called C^c^bJ Zk^adi ; another, which they call UC^jdn. ^|5^^ Derwazeh Khushk. All the gates are made of wood, except that on the road to Balkh, which is of iron, and situated in the midst of the city. In all Kborasan and Maweralnahr there is not any place which has a finer or more capacious mosque than Heri (or Herat). Next to it * Or fSj^ Heri. t Aserinan or QjliU^I Aserbenaiu F F ( 218 ) aay rank the mosque of Balkh ; ^ ^UCmAMi Seiestan. 9 At the distance of two ^irsai^ from Herat there is a mountain, between which and the city there is not any garden, orchard, nor water, except the rirer of the city and a bridge. In all the other directions there are gardens and orchards. This mountain, of which we hare spoken, produces not either grass or wood. Or any thing but stones, which serve for mill-stones. Here is a place in- habited called ^jCm Siccah, with a temple or church of Christians. The most flourishing quarter of Herat is that in the direction of the gate called ^jjf^ j^ Deri Pirouz (or Firouz). The water here rises in the vicinity of the f^\^J^ ^Wj R^^(^t Kirdan ; and when it approaches Herat, other streams branch o£F from it.. One of these is called (^jcLu li •; Rud Varkhoui, and^ it waters the district of UCL^f Ou^A^a Sepid Asmk : another stream runs through the villages of i^UmIj/ Kirasan and (^L^jUm^ Siaveskan^ The river called ULO Kuhuk, waters the villages of (jLjJfc Aariarif and ^XjJ^Gurigu^ There is also the river ijfyk^ Saaveki running towards ^^JJJLjj Pushertg ; and the river ^^bsr'iijl Ardenjan, which runs towards the viUage of (^UnSiwy^ Seirshian ; and the river (^ I^^^XmJ Neskukan, which waters the village of (jJ jj Ferin ; and the river v^-^ Khehrki, which runs amidst the gardens and orchards of the city of Herat. On the Seiestan road the whole way is planted with gardens. ( 219 ) \jill^ Malan is a smaller place than ^jji Keroukh; it has many orchards and gardens. (^Lmj^ Hessan is smaller than Malan, and has but few gardens^ and little running water. ^(Juy^t Aserinan is more remarkable for pasture and tillage> than for orchards and gardens ; and the inhabitants of this village arehereticks or schismaticks ^. cAj\j\^ Marabad is well sup'** plied with water, and abounds with gardens. (j( JumI Asferan has four towns belonging to it. Uumjj Pouskeng is abomt half the size of Herat, and built on the same plan. The towns depending on Poiisheng are, oy^^ Khosrugird, (^ f*iy Kouseri and oy:^ Hereh. Poui^eng pro- duces such a number of ararf trees, as is not to be found in all KJhorasan beside : thejr are sent to afl parts. The river of Pou- sheng comes from Hen, and runs on to fj^^y** Sarkhes ; but in a season of excessive heat the water does not run so far, Pou- sheng has a castte, with a ditch : it has three gates. C^yM^ Kaiiseri is a smaller town than Pousheng ; but it is well watered, and has gardens, groves, and orchards. (jMAiCOU Badghis has several places within its territory : Thtf • t t I find in the MS. Dictionary Bortian Kattea, that^^ is the Arabick for mountain cypress, ^^y^^y^ F F 2 ( 220 ) I ^am 04/ Kouh Seim, iiblv^ (^jS^Koui Ummabad, and l5^**ju/ Best, and >jl^'-=^ Hharur^ and oJt?^ Kaberoun, and (j^^ Kaloun, and ^Ia>mJ^O Dehestan. The inhabitants of Koui Umr mabad are of the Shian * sect. The Kouh Seim contains mines of silver. There are runnii^ streams at Koni Ummabad^ and at Hanif; but for the purposes of husbandry rain water is used there ; also at ELaloun and Kaberoiin, where they have well water*^ The silver mines are oil the road to Sarkhes. v-^ijsJ JSTei^is a smaller place than (jju Bein. Bein is lai^r then Pousheng.. Both Keif and Bein are well- watered^ and abound in gardens and orchards. OjJIj^^ Merural-rud-f is a larger town than Pousheng^ with a considerable river, which is the same that runs to Meru (Shahjan). Here are extensive gardens and orchards. The town ' of v-Jis^l kS^jX^ Koushek Ahef is also well watered,, and has gardens, but not equal to those of Meru-al-rud. The air of (j^UUtlft Talkan is whotesomcr than that of Meru-al-rud^ The river runs between these, and is crossed over by a bridge, Here are many gardens and plantations. Talkan is about the same Mze as Meru-al-rud : it is situated amid hills; but has running water, and orchards that produce good fruit. • ^^L^ia t OrMcni'nid. ( 221 ) J^j^ Gofi^kam is the name of a district, where there is a co- lony of Jews. {:j^jyi^ Shiur Kan is a district, with a village called a^cXJLT Kanderm. ^C^ San is a small town, the inhabi- tants of which are of the Shian sect ; it is smaller than Meru-al- rud : it has running water with some cultivated grounds, and gar- dens, and orchards. In the dbtrict of Gourkan the Sekhtian Gourkani f^^\fjj/ (^Ifj^^ (a kind of Morocco leather) ii^ prepared, which they send to all parts of Khorasan. From Shiurkan to jUI -^mar is one merhileh; and from Shiurkan to iw4 rb Barah, two meifaileh ;^ and from Shiiyrkan to Kanderm,; four mierhileh. X •' Two towns belong txr ^L^j^s^-fc Gfuajestan, one cafied*, Neshin, the other {^^f^jj^ Surmin, nearly of equal size. Ne- shin produces great quantities of rice * ; and Surmin of dried grapes. From Neshin one goes to the aji^ Derreh of Meni-al-rud ;- and from Neshin to Surmin is the distance of one merhileh. j^ Gkaur, which is a considerable district, I shall enumerate among the r^ons of Islam, or Mohamedanism : because many True Believers dwell there. It is a mountainous country, well inhabited, with runnins streams, and sratdensv QjMcLyM Sarklte& is a city between ISferu and Nishapeur, situated on a level, without any running water but that which: ♦ ^/i In the MS; ^y without points, may also be orangesi g;^ ( 222 ) comes from Fousheng *. It is computed that Sarkhes is as large as Meru-al-rud : It is a populous and thriving city: the air is wholesome : the inhabitants drink well-water, and they employ horses or asses in their mills. L)M Nesa is a city of the same magnitude as Sarkhes : it is plea- sant and well supplied with water running amidst the houses and streets, and various orchards, groves, and gardens. ^U Hiaein \» as large as Sarkhes ; all the buildings aie of clay; it has a fort, with ditches, and a mosque, and a governor's house ? the water which they drink there is conveyed in trenches; it has but a few orchards or gardens, and the air is cold. .. «• Teisin\ is smaller than Kaien : it has some trees^ and the water is conveyed in trenches. {jiy^ Chun is smaller than Teisin ; it has fine gardens, and very little water : the inhabitants have sheep and other beasts. 43ut>J^ Kuhabeh is larger than Chim, and has two villages be^ longing to it : the water which they use is brought in trenches. Of all these places which we have just mentioned the air is cold ; and an ampZe diefiert stretches out between them, where shepherds reside. * See page 2i9v t DopbtfuL ( 223 ) In the district of Kaieh, on the road leading to l^hapotir, is « found such excellent chalky that it is sent into all parts. Through- out dll the region of i^\jo^Lf Kouheitan there is not any river water: the inhabitants^ therefore, drink water preserved in trenches, or well-water. Here they manufacture very fine linen, hair-cloth,, and similar stuffs. mT^^ jBrtZifc/i.— Of Balkh the^ are the various districts and divi- sions : (^UMojliir' ToJcharestan, Jbk. Khidm, ^jIXa^j^ Semert" gan, {j^Ju Baghelan, oJJjjC*^ SeJcilkend, i^j^^jj Zualein, ji^\ Arher, jj\j Raw^r, (^liulL Taikan, Ov*#*y-S/^ Sehekemest [±jj ff^erwa^ j^t^(^luM Setai Adsim, uajI.:^ Hesheb, ol^Oul Anderab, jOs^ Mudr, and a \^ Kah. The towns in the hilly part of this country art, (^Ij^iw Shehran, Ojjil^ Hellaverd^. and OJSji) Lavakendf J4y:^ jt^ Deri Jehudan (the Jew's gate) : another^ cXJu Ow^^^c^ Deri ShesU Vend ; and one called i^s^j^ Deri Yahia. Through the town runs a stream called the (jmI^ Oj^ Rudi Haas, which passes out at the gate of the Nubehar: this stream turns ten mills, and waters several villages and districts, and flows as far as 0«iolxMi Siahgird. In the direction of every gate there are gardens and orchards. The walls of Balkh are made of clay, and thoe is not any ditch. Of (jjU*w;ILir' Tokharestan the largest city is (^UulL Taikan, situated on a plain, in the vicinity of mountains. It is watered by a considerable river, and has many orchards and gardens. ' 43ul^cXjl Anderaheh is situated between the mountains and jft^s^- Penjhir. There are two rivers, one the aj\jOJ\ Oa> Rud An-' deraheh; the other ;^L*i\^ i^jj Rud Kasan ; with gardens and orchards. The other towns of Tohkafestan are nearly of the same size as these ; but Taikan is the largest of all. (^^UJ Zualein and vjj^ Derab are two towns, with run- ning water, and considerable plantations of trees. o;cXaX»mI Is^ kanderehy or Sekandereh, is situated in the midst of the moun- tains. (j:ncL Khesh is the largest town of this mountainous country ; also, the towns of lXXo Mank and ^stan» The fruits of a warm climate^ which abound at Balkh, are brought to Kabul^ except dates^ which do not grow at Balkh^ where snow falls^ Kabul is situated in a warm climate^ but does not produce date -x y^ Ghawr is a mountainous country. In the places about it there ate Mussulmans ; but Ghawr is mostly inhabited^ by hk* fidels. Here are great mountains. ThC' dialect of Ghawr ia Mk that of Khorasan. It is populous, containing many running streams ; and I have described it as belonging to Khoi^aaany be- cause it borders on that province ; in like manner including Bamian^ and Ftenjhir, and Maweralnaher^ as far as The mountains of t^se places all abound with mines. But the ^yssl!^ Jihoon (or river Oxus) and .^lyLKhanimn, and Jo«t AmoU and ^j Zam, we reckon as bekmging : to Maweralnahar (Tranoosmia) ; and shall speak, of tb^QEtacoord- ( w? ) la^y/ Kharezem is aituated on tbebctrders of the (Caspian) tea; and thft botinds of it, from Balkh and Mem and its other extre- mities, afe all a desert, in which tliere is not anj thing but sand. ^I]|lii^:de6er| affMi not anjr nmning stream : the people use well- wiiter until ydu come as ftr » Meru. \ 8hee|> Me produced in Ghifcni^ and Ghaur^ and Khilje. Gar- tnentdof silk and linen are brougbt from Balkh and Nishapour. The best sheep are those of Ghizni; and the best water^ that of the fiTcr Jihobn. The men of Balkh are ingenious, and learned m niigion and law, and of poHte manners. Nbhapour is the pleasantest part of Khorasan, and the inhabitants of the mmt amiable and chearful disposition* The warm parts of E^orasan are, ^UmjuJ Kouhestan, and the borders of ^jL^J^ Kirman and (j^j^. P^rs (or FArststan). The cold part of E^orasan is about ^tytlf BamiOn ; for I speak of those places bordering on Kharezem as belonging to Maweralnahar. I . mUU "••'- o Of the Roads and Stages of Khorasan, Wjt shall not here particularly describe the roads and stages of Khorasan, because th^ are already suffidentlj known. We o G 2 ( 22d ) shall content ourselves with mentioning, that from the 1x>rdef]S o^ Nishaponry to the village ot ^^\i^J^ AjJ^i^ Dhey Kuirdan, o» the confines of (ju^ji Kownes, near i^UIvXmI Asedabad^ is ft distance of seven stages or iJja^ menziU ; and from* Dhe^r Kinr^ dan to \jIjUIc^ Dantghan, five menzii; from^ K^shapotar- tw QM2Ly^ Sarkhes, six menzii ; from Sarkhes to j-^ Meru, three menzils r and from Meru to Jk^l Ainol, on the banks of the river Jihoun, two menzii : from Nishapour to ^ ^jyt Bduzgan, and to ^oun<- dary of Herat^ From (^.tS Kaien to Herat^ six merhileh : from Meru t(y(^A Heri (or Herat), twelve merhileh / from Meru to li^jb Bave^, six merhileh; from Meru to is^Neia, four merhileh;; fix>m Herat to ^jJ^jy^ Meruar^rudd, six meihileh;. front Heri to QjgcLyM Sarkhes, five merhileh ; from ^ Balkh to the bank of the river \^ys:^ Jihoun^ by the way of (X« J Termed, two days journey (olj ojjj jJ ) ; from Balkh to iu\jOo\ Anderabeh, nine merhileh; and to ^jU^Li Bamian, ten merhileh: from Bamian to t^j^ Ghizni, e^ht merhileh; from Balkh to (^Uj^OcLj Badakhshan, thirteen merhileh. " From Balkh to the banks of the Jihoon, and to the sea (or lake) of Kbarazm (Deriay 4 Kharazm), from Badakhshan Termed^ by way of the river Jihooi», ( 229 ) thicteen: tnerliileh* : From Termed to ^ Zarn^ five mefhileh ; from Zaxn to Amol; four merhileb: fromAmol to Kharazm, twdvc: m«rhUeh.: and frpm Kharazm. to the sea (b^i^) six mer- kileh. are the well-known stages and routes of Khorasan. From Nisbapour to (^ ^J^ji Bouzgan', four merhileh : from^ Bouzgan, going by the left towards Nishapour, to JU Malez, one .meriiileh ; (this is not the Malez belonging to Heri:) from Malez to J^Jaum, one menzil; and to ^J\^ Sekan, one menzil: from . journey; from &fihrjan to ^^Ub*if Asfermn, two days journey:^ mid when you go from Bahmanabad to Mihr|«i> the* first day brings you to a o ^i]y^ menzilgah, or haiting'-plAoe ; iS» se- cond, to Mihrjan. V Account of the Stages and Roads of Menu FaoM Mem to jy^ Keseher, one menzil : from Keseherj the skirts of the desert of Kharazm, and frx)m Meru to {^ Dendalekan, two merhileh. The road of (jac^^ Sarkhes, the pM Susikan, and [j^j^ Ghazr (j^jt Ghurnein, go to Dendalekan. oj^ Chun is a three farsang distance between the roads of Sarkhes and and Susikan is one menzil farther. Roads and Stages of Balkk. From iri Balkh to JLiL Khulm, two days journey (ojjj from Khulm to {^jj^^j Falein, two days journey ; from ^jUu Taikan to (^Uj^cLcXi Badakhshan, seven days journey; Khulm to Sebenian* or i*k\^s^ Senian. one dav's \ov Doubtful. ( «8l ) from Sebenjan to ^sjI^^I Anderaheh, five days joum^; from Anderabeh to aJU^I^ Jarianeh, three dajs journey ; from Jaria- Hch to Penjhir, one day p journey ; from Balkh to (^>Xij Bag*- tialan, six merhileh ; to a/ Kah, one menzil ; from Balkh to {^^jii^ Shiukan, three merhildi; from ^U Kaien to (^j^^j^L Tehsein * ♦ ♦ three merhileh; to ^^UULL Talkan (or Taikan), iiiree mertiildi; and from Tallian to 4SjJ\jj^ Menuirrudd, ^ree merhileh. k • ^yU»Ny c^i^^Y*^ oUU«e ya Account of the Distances and Roads of the Towns in JKuhestan. . Fkom ^^yJS Kaein to \^jjj Ruzen, three merhileh; from iaien to (^b^ \^y,f^^4*Jiio Tieksein. Merian, two days . journey ; from Kaein to {^y^Chuns one day*s journey ;, from Chun to Khust, one fars^ng.; from Kaieii to Tebsein> three merhileh. ( 283 } Account of Maweralnakr, or Transoxama. \ « To the eastern side of Maweralnahr are, the borders, of Hin* doostan. To the west it has the land of i^j^i^ Ghaznein, and the borders of (^ljji» Tour arty and down to L-j[;li Far ah, and OJLXw^ MarJcand, and vXx*m Soghd, and Ouo^^jm Samarcandp and the district of l^lat^ Bokhara, as far as ^^LsL Kharazm^ and the banks of the sea (tijc^ Deria). On the north of Maweralnahr are the borders of {^\ji^*J^J Turkestan, as far as aJixJ Ferghanah, and down towards JlXzL Khotl, on the river c^b j^ Heriat. To the south, Mawer- alnahar begins from {^[m^^LlXj Badakhshan, along the river ^jjsi!^Jihoon, up to the sea or lake of Kharazm (^j\j:L X^^jiS Deriay Kharezm) in a straight line. We place Kharazm and Khotl in Maweralnahar, because Khotl is situated between the river Heriat and the river Wekhshah v^U^cLj Ou; ; and the town of Kharazm is on that side of the river, and nearer to Maweralnahr than to Khorasan. This is the delineation of Maweralnahr* (Here one page is left blank fw a Map. J ( 233 ) The province of Maweralnahr is one of the most flourishing tmd productiTe within the r^ons of Islam or Mahommedanism* The inhaUtants are people of probity and virtue^ averse from evil, and fond of peace. Such is the fertility and abundance of this country, that if the other re^ons were afflicted by a scarcity or famine, the stock laid up on the preceding year in Mawor- ' alnahr would aflbrd ample provision for diem all. Eveiy kind of fruit and meat aboimds there ; and the water is most delicious. The cattle are excellent: the sheep from Turkestan, (:}^j^ Ghaznein, and Samarcand, are highly esteemed in all places. ^ B Maweralnahr aflTords raw silk, wool, and hair, in great quan- tities. Its mines yield silver, and tin or lead {jJjj^), abundantly ; and they are better than the other mines, excej^t those of alver at jf^yfSsiH Penjhir ; but Maweralnahr affords the best copper and quickaHver, and other smnlar productions of mines ; and the mines of sal ammoniac (j^^jj) (used in tinning or soldering) in all Khprasan, are there *. like the paper made at Samarcand, there is not any to be found dsewhere. So abundant are the fhiits of cXiLM Soghd, and AAAj&yoMl Astersheineh, and ^ixJ Ferghanah, and -Aa^ Chaje (or Shash), that th^ are given to the cattle as food. - Musk is Inrought from CXy Tibbet, and sent to all parts. Fox-skins, sable, and ermine skins, are all to be found at the bazars of Maweralnahr. • ■ * I have translated this passage literally, H H ( 234 ) Such is the generosity and liberality of the inhabitaiiits, tha^ na one turns. aside from the rites of hospitality; so that a person •contemplating them in this lights would imagine that all the families of the Icmd were hut one house *• When a traveller •arrives the^re^ every person endeavours to attract him to himselfy that he may have opportunities of performing kind o^ces for the stranger ; and the best proof of their hospitable and generous disposition ia^ that every pea0ant^ though possessing but a bare ^sufficiency^ allots a portion of his cottage for the teoeption of a guest- On the arrival of . a stranger^ they contend^ one with another, for the pleasure of taking him to their home, and enter- taining him. TbiM, in acts of hospitality^ they eiq^mid their in- comes* llbe Author of this work says,. " I happened once to be ^^ in Sogbd, and there I saw a certain palace^ or great buildings '^ the doocs of which were fastened badk with nails against the T^alk. I adLcd the reason of this; and they informed me, that it was an hundred years, and more> since those doors had been shut : all that time they bad continued opeUf day and night: strangers jnight arrive there at the most unseasonable hours, or iu asQr nuQibers; for the master of. the house ^d provided every thing neoessaiy . both for the^.men and for tlieir bes^sts; . 'f and he appeared with a del^t and senta letter to \SL\ ^ ^y Noah hen ^^ Asek. 'Hie dnswer of AbdaUah was> that in Maweralnahr ^ there are thiee hundred thousand k^^^Kj Kidahs :' ieach' Kulab ^' furnishes one horseman and one foot-soldier ; and the absence of these men, when they go forth> is not felt, or is not per-* ceptible in the country. I have heard, that the inhabitants of V A^ Chaje and AiKtS Ferghaneh me so numerous, and so €i €P H H 2 ( 236 ) ** wdl ^sdpUned^ and iurhiahed with mipleinehts c^ vnt, tbaf '' they are not to be equalled in any region of Islam. And among' <^ the lower classes there are fanners, who possess ^m one hun^- ^^ dred to five hundred head of cattle; Notwithstanding all this, '' there are not any people more obedient to their kings ; and at " aU times the Uy Turk sbldiem had the precedence of d««y ^ other race, and the EJialifs always chose them on account of *' their excellent senrices, their obedient disposition, their bcayoy; and'their fidelity." u Maweralqahr has produced so many great princes and generals; that no region can surpass k. The faravery of its inhafaitantsr cannot be exceeded in any quarter of the Mnssuhnon. w^arhh. Their numbers and their discipline give them an advantage over other nations, which, if an army be defeated,. or a body of tro^pt lost at sea, cannot furnish another army for ^considerable time 7 but in all Maweralnahr, should such accidents happen, one tribe is ready to supply the losses of another without any delay. In all the tegicms of the earth, there is not a more itouriiiiing' or a more delightful country than this, especially the district of Bokhara. If a person stand oh the JoJLJi Kohendiz (or ancient castle) of Bokhara, and cast his eyes around, he shall not see any thing but beautiful green and luxuriant yerdure on every side of the country : so that he would imagine the green of the earth and the azure of the heavens ^were united : And as there are green ( «/ ) fid^ id evisty quftrter^ $o' there are viUas interspersed a ^reen fidda^ And in all pKhamsan aiid MAweralnahr dot 'any; peopkt'more long-liyed thanithose of Bokhara* . ; f €4 ^f It is saidi that' in all; the. world there' is not anj place more"^ deli^tful (or sdubrious) than i those th^ one, the Soghd of ^Samarcand ; another, the Rjad Aileh ; and the third, the Ghu-* ^ tah of DamasouB V* . >But the Ghutah of Damascus is within one l^u-sang of barren and dry hills, without trees ; and it contains many places which are desolate, and produce no verdure. ** A ■ ^^ '£ne piipspectr oughtrtoibe such as completely fills the eye, and ^ Aothing flbould.be visible but sky and green f/* Tlie liver jykb.afibiids^ ibih one; fidrsang only, this kind of prospect; and tiiepe'is not, • in die vicuuty of it, . any eminence from which one can seo^ beyond ft faoTsaiijp^ and the verdant ;spot is either sur- rounded: by or opposite to a dreaiy desert. But the. walls, and buildings,. and cultivated plains of Bokhara^ ettend above thirteen fe^sang by twelve facsang ; and the. OJ^ Soghd, for ei^ht days jouriiey, is^* all delightful » country^ . affording fine prospects, and full of gardens, and^orchacds^^ and com fields, and villas; and runningrstreams,' nesefvoirs^ and fountains, both on the right handandon^ the .left* . Yon pfiss from.com fields into ^rich mea-^ * To this passage the fh\Hb'Taart allddei, in a ctApUr retiring the Vligin Mary'fi flight from Jerusalem with Christ. — The original Persian is given in the Prefisux. ( MS ) dow» afid pastare lands ; and tbe S<^hd is fitr PMre Imdtby itiaii the Rud Aileh, or tWs-Ghttteh of Ijttiikshk (or Banudras^ ; attil the fruits of Soghd are the finest, in the workL Aibong tho and palaces flow running streams, gl^^^^g between the trees. In Ferghanah and ^[^ Chofe^ in the niountaina between Fergiiailah and Tuii:e8tan, there are all kitids^of fruits,^ of herbSji and^flowen; and rarious ^ciea of the violet : all these it is: lawful far any one who passes by, to pull and gather* In aam^ jAm Sirtmshteh there are flowers of an uncomnxm ipedesw < ». •. • We have placed, as first of the borders of iBokharau horn tht banks of the Jihoon, the Kourehs and Districts of Mawerahudir: From the JUiqon is the territory of Soghd, and SuBai«and> anA Siroushteh, and Chaje, and Ferghandi, and back; fi*om the bor^ ders of Samarcand to ^^^^Kisk, and (^^LcJlibhi Ckeghaniani and (^.XasL Khotlan, till one comes to thie river Jihoon. cX«jr Termed and ^^^Lk^Lo Cobadian, a%£sa: ^as A)j\jsL.Kh4sen and vL^W Barab, and ^Jtar^^ Siryan^ and (^1 J9 Temn, and Vw^JLif Ailak, are reckoned as belonging to Chaje, ^ and included in Ferghanah. Khuarezm we have -^assigned to Mawerahiahr) and we must reckon as part of Soghd, Bokhara, and Kish; and x^^^mss^ Naksheb: but our design in this was to render the de^ scription more easy. We begin with Maweralnahr, and the district of Bokhara ; and then we speak of the river Jihoon. This river rises within the territories of cvUoUXi Bddakshan, ( 230 ) tii4 Kceives the waters of many othi&t strttaina. The river (^fAj iFekhesh joins it : then the river (^U^ Nouman, which is the river of Uu.^ Menek. The third is the river t^j^ Farghi ; the fourth river is that of cl^lsr'cXjl Andenjaragh ; the fifth, the river L^lm^^jfFekhshab, near (jlyRyLpjKk^adiaa. Ail tib^se rivers fstH into the Jihoon : the river Wekhshab oomes out of Turkestan^ into the land of (j^<^ Wekhsh, near a mountain, where there is a bridge between Khotlan and the borders of C^^i^j ffeishkird. Erom that it runs towards Balkh, and falls into the Jihoon at Termed. The Jihoon then pcoceeds to v^ ^ Kalef, and from Jtalef to ^ JZam, and from Zam to (^£j^ jfoioM , ' and from Amotii to ^^1^ Kkuarezn%,.3nd flows into -the lake of Khua^ Be^m. Thei^eris. not .any tqwi^ watersd by the Jihoon, until ypu GMoe to Zam: there the inhabitants derive some benefit from it:; ^1 mpie ati An^ow ; but the chief advaiitage of the Jihoon results The first district of Maweraloahr, situated on the river Jihoon, is Khotlan : there are also Wekhsh, and other districts. Near Wekhsh there ^aie ^some districts, such as (^Uk<3 Dekhan, and ^us^uum i^efciueh : diese two belong to the Infidels. Boys and girls are .byrqug)[^t ;firom th/^se^ places^ There are mines of gold and ^1^imT iU'WeUjishahb The iXH>untaiiK)iis country, bordering i^on Tibet, is ,y^y ^populous, well cultivated^ abounding in fruits, and excellent cattle ; and ^the climate is very pure and healthy » i. . ( 24e ) xXkJ l^ermed is a city situated on the banks of the Jihooni H: has a castle and suburbs^ and ramparts r^'^the government palace is in the kohendiz^ or castle ; the prison is in the town ; the mosque, and the bazars, in the suburbs. The buildings are of clay ; all the streets and bazars ue paved wi& burnt tiles. They drink the water of the Jihoon ; and use, for the purposes of agriciidtiure^ the water of the river Che^hanian (^LJbb^ ^JJ* (^UiiLo Kohadian is smaller than Termed. <3 Jo^ijj Weish" gird is about the same size as Termed. JFrom the borders of Weishgird to (^Ltj& Shwnan, to near Gheghani^i, they culti- vate sa£B:on. o^^^ Kohadian produces madder {(j^^jj)* C3ieghanian is larger than Termed ; but Termed is more populous, and better supplied. UlIxm^I Akhseik is opposite ^j ZAim. ToLXtk is on the borders, of Khorasan, but reckoned among the ter- ritories of Maweralnahr : it is a small town, and the iidiabitants deal in cattle. Zam, and Akhseik, on the banks of the Jihoon, ace both at the exti^mity of the de^sert^ Khuarezm is the name of a region distinct from Khorasan. All round Khuarezm the desert extends. One side of it borders on s^yt^'^ Ghaznein ; that is the western side. The western and southern sides are bounded by Kiioras^i and Maweralnahr. After Khuarezm and Jihoon, there is not any town until you come to the lake. Khuarezm is situated on the northern side of the Jihooh. On the southern side of the Jihoon is ^ ^J^Korkanje: it is a ( 241 ) smaller town than Khuarezm; biit it is the pass into various parts : from it the caravans set out for Khorasan and (^ ^jTGwt^ kan, and t^j^ Ghiznij and^j^L Khozar, and other places. It so happens^ that one half of Khuarezm should appear in the map of Khorasan^ and the other half in the map of Maweralnahr : but we have wished not to separate those parts^ or render the re- ference to the map more difficult. These are the other -cities of Kharezm^ (^>^<^ Deraan, ^^rf^]j^j^ Hesarasp, o-^ Chereh, j:^Ckj\ Ardejer, (^jyiUi Saf- zoun, i^]jjJ Nounm, (^\ih ^^ Kirdan, (j»^\j^ Khoiias, jC^J Kirder. The villages are, [;jjSj NeJcin, Iii^^ Merda, (^U^ Jefan, L-^ Mentha, L^O Deha, JumL^ Hasker, U^>i,».-sr' ^ KanjesJc. The chief place of that territory is called l-jK Kah ; it has a castle now in ruins. There was d town here which the water destroyed, and the people built another higher up ; and the water • * . has approached the castle, and, it is feared, will ruin it also. The mosque is in this castle, and near it is the palace of the oImi ^^LsL Khuarezm Shah : near the castle is the prison : and in the midst is a little river called jjiiyrL Kherdour, and the bazar is on the banks of it ; the length of it is about three &r- sang. The gates of the city are, for the greater part, demolished ; but they have prepared new ones. The first border of Khuarezm is called aj J^IU Taheriah, in I I ( 242 ) the direction of Amoui, an inhabited country on the south of the river Jihoon. On the north side of Khuarezm there is not any population or cultivation^ until one comes to the village which they call aast I jlc Ghar-aUhaiah ; from that to Khuarezm there is some appearance of inhabitants and of buildings. At six far- sadg distance, before you come to this village, there is a river which joins the Jihoon, and on the banks of this are many vil-» lages and hamlets; this river is called oj\y;L.j^ Gaw-^Khareh; in breadth it is about five i/^ guz ; boats ply on it. After run- ing two farsang, there is another river Jbranching from it, which they call Gurbah ajjS iSjj ; it waters many villages, but is not very broad: from this, for about one merhileh in breadth, the villages and buildings become more numerous ; and when you come to ^^ jS^Korkanje, at two farsang back, there is the ex-< tremity of the borders of Khuaifezm ; and at five &rsang a ruined village, called $^lj> Koragh, near a mountain: from which, and from Hezarasp, on the western side of the Jihoon, there are streams running from that river : Here is Amoui ; and there is another river about half as laige as the Gaw Khareh, on which boats ply at within two farsang of Hezarasp. Tliis river is called (jmI^ ci-J Ojj Rudi Kurd Khouas, and is larger than the river of Hezarasp. There is also the river oyp^ Heireh, on which boats ply. From the river jjlii Dal to Kliuarezm is two farsang. • The river ojj Bouh is in the district of Korkanje. The water of the ( ii48 ) river Dal comes tb the village of JUjOJl Anderbaz, where there is a bridge that admits boats ; from this place to Korkanje is a distance of one merhileh. Ttom the river Gaw Khareh to the city is twelve farsang ; and there is another river beloW Khuarezm four farsang, which receives its waters from four difierent places; when they are united, they form a stream about as large as that of the river Bouh# it is said that the Jihoon crosses this river ; and that^ when the titers of the Jihoon sink, the stream is also diminished. There are many streams on the northern side of the Jihoon, at one far- sang from the town called 4XaJU^cX« Medeminiah ; and all the villages along have small streams. The Jihoon Mis into the lake at a place ealled (^Isr^* Khiljan, where there is not any village, nor any buildings ; the people live by fishing. On the banks of this lake is the land of yi Ghuz ; fix)m this, when they are at pesLce, they go from this side to the village of j^Sk^ST Aubgir^ and from the other to Korkange ; both of these are on' the banks of the Jihoon. Before tme comes to the the river Gaw Khareh there are some mountains, amidst which the Jihoon runs : this place is called Amoaj Boukeseh ; and from the place where the Jihoon falls into the lake or sea (tjj<3), to that place where the river of Chaje falls into it, is a journey of ten days. The river Jihoon is frozen in win- N I I 2 ( 344 ) ter^ 6o that loaded carriages pass cxv^er it. The ice b^ins at Khua- rezm^ which is the coldest place upon the Jihoon. On the banks of the sea or lake of Khuarezm {^j\j^ CS^J^) there is a mountain called j^L^ Cheghagher : here the ice con- tinues from winter till near the end of summer. Tlie circum* ference of this sea or lake is an hundred farsang : its waters are |alt or bitter ; and the river Jihoon^ the river .^.l:^ Chaje, and many other streams, flow into this lake : yet this increase of water is not perceptible ; and it is generally supposed that there is a communication between this lake and the Caspian Sea (Der- yai'i Khozr j^ ^u^) • ^'ween these two is a distance of twenty merhileh. Khuarezm is a town well supplied with provisions^ and abound* ing in fruits ; it affords not any walnut-trees. Linen and wool are manufactiu*ed there^ and also brocade. The inhabitants are people of high reputation and polished manners : the men of Khuarezm are great travellers ; there is not any town in Khorasan without a co- lony of them. The lower parts of the land of it Ghuz belong to Khuarezm : the inhabitants are active and hardy. The wealth of Khuarezm is derived from its commerce and merchandize. They have carpets of v^^Xjuw Siklab, and of ^^ Khozr, and they bring to Khuarezm, from Khozr> the skins of foxes, and martens, sables, and ermines. ( 245 ) I Of the other places on the river Jihoon^ we shall place \j\js^ Bokhara in Maweralnahr first : at all times it has been ^the seat of government. Bokhara is called c^Jocr^ Bounheket : it is situated on a plain ; the houses are of wood^ and it abounds in villas^ and gardens, and orchards; and the villages are as close one to anotherius the groves and gardens, extending for near twelve ^sang by twelve, farsang : all about this space is a wall, and within it. the people dwell winter and summer ; and there is not to be seen one spot uncidtivated, or in decay. Outside this there is another wall, with a small town. and.a castle, in which the Sa- xnanian.^ family ((^UjL^Uj iI T),^who 'vjrere governors of Kho- rasan, resided. This kohendez, x>r castle, has rampar^]B, a mosque, and bazar. . In all Maweralnahr (^ Rhorasan, there is not any place more « « ^^^ populous and flourishing than Bokhara. The river of Soghd (cXjum Oaj) runs through the midst of it, and passes on to the mills and meadows, and to the^ borders of OJJCkj Beikend; and much of it falls into a pond or pool near Beikend, at a place called {j^%^ ^t*** Sam Kous^ Bokhara has seven gates: one is called the ^JU**yL&^c^ Deri Sharestan; the second, jjO jiS Deri Derou; the third> * For some account of this dynasty, and of Nasser Ahmed, mentioned in page 235, see the Appendix. ( 246 ) OiJjJji^ Deri Kandeh ; the fourth, (j^-A^U^ ^^^ Ahenin ; the fifth JOJy jC^ Deri Kohendiz; the sixth is called the '- Ls^Tf^ ^J'jL'^ Derwazeh Mihrgy, or cX^mI ^^^ ?^'jl/^ -D^" wazeh Beni Ased ; and the seventh is the (^LkXjum oj^jj^ Der-' waz£h Soghdian. The kohendez, dr castle, has also two gate; one the (^U*wJOj j<3 Deri Rike^an; the other thejuc^J Kerjinet is a large town ; oJoIxa Jerghaneket, and oJcsf^UcX^ Medmamehelet are of equal size. Every town of the territories of Bokhara has a district belonging to it, except OJLXaj Beikend, which has not any village, but con- tains near a thousand Rebats. ( 261 ) The town of f^S Kevin is near the river Jihoon. The people of Bokhfdira speak the langua^ of the people of Soghd : they are ingenious : and in biisiness they use direms : their silver is i^jSs, «• Azerki^ or (were descended from the race of Saman,. .cXy£>.l (j^ ^y^^^jL^ hr^aelhenAhinedve^^^ the people of Khorasan had behaved treacherously towards him ; and his children also resided at Bokhara. Before that, the goyemors of K K 2 (252 ) Maweralnahr dwelt in Samarcand^ at -p.1^ Chaje, or AiltS Ferghanah ; but since that the seat of government has been re- moved from Khorasan to Bokhara. o^l3r^<3 Denjareh is situated near the road of cXaXl^ Beikend i between that, and between the road, is a distance of one farsang;. (^ ^^juc Moghkan is five farsang distant from the city, on the right hand of Beikend, and from it to the road is a space of three farsang. AjcXy Rendieh is at four farsang from Bokhara. oJCszTVi Bumeheket is on the road of (j*^JjL Touaweis at a distance of four farsang. From ^uJ<^yJKermeniah to Beikend is one farsangin the borders of Soghd. Bumehekiet is situated on the river of Soghd. Soghd is adjacent to Bokhara. After passing Kermenieh one comes to /^**j«jO Dehousi^ The capital of Soghd is Oj3j^ Samarcand ; it is situated' on the southern side of the river of Soghd. It has a castle, and suburbs, and fortifications, with four gates ; one, the j^^^a^^ jii Deri Cheeriy or the China gate, on the east ; the ^Lj aj ^^1 Deri Nuhehar, or the spring gate, on the west ; on the north, the I^Lsr^^O Deri Bokhara^ or Bokhara gate; and on the south, the (^y*J oj\jjC^ Derwazek Kesk, orKeshgate. There is running water through the streets and bazars of Sa- ( 253 ) diarcancl. Tde city is surrounded by a deep ditch, and a dyke, by which water is conveyed. The most flourishing and populous quarter of Samarcand is that called the ^[ia jm Seri tauk, where there is the fountain of jjjjl Arziz : and the shops of the bazar in this place are very numerous ; for many legacies and gifts have been appropriated to the buildings about this fountain, which are in tihie charge of Guebres (or Fire- worshippers) who watdi winter and summer. There is a mosque in the suburbs, near the [jOJ^ kohendiz : and in the riTer Aniz there are springs, and rivulets from it water the gardens and orchards. The government palace is in the kohendiz; and the citadel is near- the river of Soghd; and the walls of these fortifications are about two farsang in extent. There are many villas and orchards, and very few of the palaces iare without gardens : so that if a person should go to the kohen- diz, '^^ from that look around, he would find that the villas and palaces were covered, as it were, with trees ; and even the streets and shops, and banks of the streams, are all planted with trees. Samarcand is the great pass into Maweralnahr ; and the seat of empire was at Samarcand until cXy^f {^ JkAjLy>wI Ismael hen Ahmed removed it to Bokhara. The walls of the fortifications have several gates ; such as the cXjx jO Deri Abed, the AJUj&il jO Deri Afsheineh, the 4t it €€ ( »W ) yj^j^ jxbi J^eri Kouhekt the 4:^^^^^ j«> J>eri JSocKein* tb« Oj^O ^<^ DeW i>{u;ou4, and the i^icf,^ jO Peri Fou- The author of this work aaysj ^^ I saw a gate at Samarcand, " of which the front was covered with iron ; and there was written on it, in the Hamiri language ; that '^ SenHa is distant from Samarcand a thousand farsang ;' and the people preserved the explanation of this writing, in hereditary tradition. After *' that I had heen at Samarcandf a tumult or insurrection happen- *^ ed ; and this gate was hurnt, and the inscription mislaid ^^ or destroyed. Afterwards, Abu Mozafier Mohammed ben ^^ Nasser ben Ahmed ben Ased, caused the gate to be again ^' constructed of iron, but the writing was lost.*" The houses of Samarcand are made of day and wood : the m^ # habitants are remarkable for their beauty : they are gentle and poUte in their manner, and of ojouahle dispostions. From Samar-* cand to the mountain {ojj) is one merhileh : and there is close to the city a small eminence which they accordingly call UI3a/ JcQuh^k (a diminutive of oyS) the little mountain : that moun- tain is about half a mile in length ; it produces clay, and marble^ and stones of various kinds ; and I have heard that in it were also mines of gold and silver, but they are not, worked. * The reader will find the original Persian of this passage iii the A|^ndix, No. I. Stc also tfie Pxdace and AppcMddixi No. III. ( 255 ) The watier of Samarcand is all from the river which comes from the moimtains above (^UJUb^ Cheghanian. There is a reservoir for that water, which they call jtjj Bergher; from this that water flows till it comes to a place called cxJ^si^ Bihe^ ket, and thence to (jMiij fFarghes, where, there is a bridge ; from that the rivers of Samarouid are divided to the east and west. Those on the eastern side proceed from near Warghes, at the place called aa^^ju *, because the mountains there are fewer, and the cultivated ' fields more numerous : from this the river flows ; and the river (j^ Bous also comes to Samarcand, to which, with the villages, it aflbrds water. The river (jm-^Ij Barmis rises in the vicinity of that river, in the southern territory, and waters many villages there. The Bous and Barmis are the lai^est of all those rivers ; they both are navi- gable for boats, and many streams branch ofl^ from them, which water many villages and meadows. From the territory of Warghis to the village called j^j^ Zarghem, ten farsang in length, and from four to one farsang in breadth; from the dis- trict of (j^ji Barghis, and ^ JuL© Manferenje, and Zarg- hem, and jyS^- Bikheru, above Zarghem, and the rivers which flow from the desert of Gherban*(^ljjt c^^lyac*^, the river ' Istakharf, and the river v:l;IjLm Sawat, and the river * I have given this word as it appears in my MS* In that of Eton a blank space is left for the name. t Istakhar of Pars, is generally written ji^^ but sometimes like thb ^^aS?^'* ( 250 ) ^U)^ Mourmajez ; the river Sawat passes near the Mourmajez and waters many places, and proceeds to the village of ^jlOj jreddan, and to the borders of the district of Istakhar : the river, in all, runs about two merhileh. The rivers Sawat and Mourmajez run towards the city, and water near seven farsang of territory, till they come to Samarcand ; from the mouth or entrance of this valley, or water-course, to Samarcand, is a distance of twenty farsang. After passing Samar- cand about two merhileh, a river branches off called (JJOj^ Rudeki, which waters one of the most fertile and populous tracts of land in all Soghd : other streams branch off from this channel, until it approaches the territory of Bokhara, a journey of dear six days, watering so many gardens and orchards, that if any person were to look from a hill along the valley of Soghd, he could not behold any thing but trees and green herbage, with here and there a villa and an old castle. In the district of Barghis are many gardens and dykes. From this valley (or channel) come the rivers above mentioned, and pass imder the bridge of Kouhek ^Jjb^ ijji* ^' ^^^ Samarcand gate v>Jo_>**j<3. The waters of this valley are augmented, in summer by the snow from the mountains of ^[jj^^jt Ghurge'- Stan and the vicinity of Samarcand. In the territory of c .^U Famurgh there is a certain place called ( 257 ) C^jjj Reboud, in which dwelt cXam;i^I Aksheid, king of Samar- cand ; and his villa or palace yet remains. The village of ^J^) Zerghem is adjoining to that of Famurgh. Famurgh is the most populous and fertile of all the villages of Samarcand. (^Ij^Lm Sarouan is a mountain dn the south of Samarcand: it enjo3rs a pure air^ and the inhabitants of it are healthier and handsomer than those of the other territories. The extent of this hill^ and the villages on it^ is about ten £axsang. At Sarouan is a place which the Christians have built for religious worship, and which is richly endowed*. (This place is called ^^\JJ 2jarukird.) The district of w^w Bermer is without water, but is well inha- bited, and produces much cattle ; the air is good, and the inhabit- ants are wealthy. The length of this district is two merhileh ; and every village in it is above two farsang in extent. Tlie pas- ture lands are better here than those of Maweralnahr. Those are the territories of Samarcand, on the right hand of this valley. These on the left hand are,^ oJ/jl Aidad, and iC\fJj[j Barkeit, near aXmj^JCm Setrushtah; the village of L L i 258 } O^jji Kourgkedy ott tbe torderd of Setrusbtab, adjc^iiiiiig to Bar-> keit* Ml the boYders of Samaresaiidr From the 1 those of Samarcand is about one merhileh, \2)^^j ff^eddan » a pojptiloua aiad fertSe disCiict, with: iiills and ^iakis. H^ t^mni of Weddttm and of y^t^ Ki$h stre situated near eaefr eCh^ : th<»Si& Cwo places baye belonged to tribes oi AjAbkMts> all the illastnoas and chief persoitf^ invited to the sovereignty of Irak* Hiere are sbL vill:ag«9» of Soinairdiaud €« the rijght side dif the tal- ley ef Soghd, tfnd sii «n tlie kft In farmer thnes the village of (jUW Laiati w% a»m€3ied to the t^rtitoties of SaifiareDand, bot afterwards becttrae ti dif^trict of Setrushtah. Pectoaii^ affilirs ate transacted in SanMretod bj m^ans of gold> and of direms of Ismatt^ broken, dJi^S^ fj^rsi^ Mohatnmedi, Which i» not current in any other pkce t^ided the^ tewitories of Samarcand. This country aboundid itt gardens, and orchards, duA corti fields, and pleasant prmpeets*; and the Soghd is a delightful and fertile region. djL^^K^ Keisaneh is the eye of all the towni^ of Soghd ;. it is, inhabited by rich and powerful people. ( 550 ) m Account «f the City of Kish. ^JkiS^ Kish is a city with a kohendiz and ]:aiDgpaFts^ and ivro suburban one of which (the interior) and the jkohendiz ace ruiiued:; the mosque also, which was here, is in ruins ; the bazar i» on tibe ramparts, and the extent of this city is diree farsang by three farsang. The climate here is warm : the buildings are of wood and clay. Here are four gates ; one, the x^^jy^l jC^ Der Ahenin, or Iron Gate; another, the aAJI cXa>x o)\jjC^ Derwazeh Abeid Allah ; the third, thc,(jbU«i\j^i Deri Kesaban; the fourth, the (^lX*jjLi ji^ Deri Sharestan. The inner town has two gates ; one called the f^jj%^ (^U»**jLiS» ^O Deri Sharestan Deruni; and the other the (^Uiax/J' ^^ Deri Turkestan. Turkestan ia the name of a certain village^ Near this gate are two rivers ; the ^yULaS C^jj RiuU Kesaban, which comes from the town of Uj^ Siam. The two rivers pass by the gates of the city ; and there are other streams in the vicinity ; such as the iij^ ^[s^ Chaje Rud, on the Samarcand road, at the distance of xme far- sang from the city ; and the river O 4^ UCacL Khebek Rud, on the Balkh road, also at one farsang distance from the city ; and another, called the river (jly^ Jeran, on the Balkh road, at a distance of eight ^Etrsang from the city. These streams fall into L L 2 ( 20O ) the valley of v.^vMjcsr' NaJcsheb, and water all the palaces of this city ; and the gardens and villas of this place extend near four days journey. From this city of (jxJ" Kish much fruit and wood is produced : there are many villages bdonging to Eash ; such as Ojj Werd, and (jJijOo^ Belanderin, and ^jL^Akwl^ Rasiman, and.UuJ' Kenk, and 4^1 Arou, and jjlj^^ Her an, and oi^j^jm Surudeh, and {;^jj^ o^S UcLm Senk Kerdeh Deroubein, and {j^^jji oi^J' Uuv#M Senk Kerdeh Beroubein. Those are the territories of Eash. Account of the City of NaJcsheb. Th e city of Naksheh has a ruined kohendiz. The ramparts have four gates ; one, the c^Lsr^ o)\j^SDerwazeh Bokhari; another, the cXo_>m o)^jj<^ Derumzeh Samarcand ; the third, the (Juj ^jjj^ Derwazeh Kisfi i and the fourth, the Deri Ghaznin (j-aJ^ ^O. Naksheh is situated on the high road to v-jl^li Fareb, and to ir^ Balkh : it stands on a level ground ; from the city to the hills is a journey of two days, in the direction of Kish ; from Naksheb to the river Jihoon the intermediate space is all desert. In the middle of the city is a considerable river, which comes from the collection of streams at Kish, and waters the territoriies of Naksheb. TTie palace of the chief governor is ( 201 ) situated near this stream^ at the place called iL^ jm Seri Poid, near which> also^ is the prison. The mosque is near the Deri Ghaznein, or Ghaznein gate; and an oratoiy near the Derwazeh Bokhari^ or the Bokhari gate : the bazars are on the ramparts, between the governor s palace and the mosque*. Naksheb possesses many territories; two very considerable are a^jxMerdeh vcaA ^uJLj Keshteh ; and there are some vil* lages as large as dtiea :. but in Naksheb and all its territories there is not any river besides that above mentioned ; and even that river^ in. a very hot summer^ becomes dry, and they use well-water for their gardens. Naksheb is abudantly supplied with provisions. . X Description of Setroushtehi ^uCj^jJCmi Setroushteh is the name of a tracts or country like Soghd ; there is not any dty or village in this country that bears the name of Setroushteh. It is a mountainous region, bounded on the east by part of Ferghanah ; on the west, by the borders of Samarcand ; on the north, by -.Uj» Chaje ; on the south, it lies near Kish and ^Uibb^ Cheghanian, and ^I^j^ Sheman, and oJiiJi^ Dileshkird, and c:\*wl; RasL The chief town of Se-^ troushteh is called, in the language of that country, vS^Jcs^^ i i62 ) J^oumheket; and the distiicts of it are, i^\j\ Jnua^ CvJCUm $€uneket, ^^fJ^Koukih, ^j^ Gherk, vi^jCp^ fFaak^fiaUM SahaU {z^trAj ^^^9 ^>^ji^ Dehzek, oSxT^^ Baumheket^ and ^Uy^ Herkanah. Boumheket 15 the residence of the go- vernors ; it contains ten thousand inhabitants : all the buildings of this town are made of clay and wood. The inner town has two gates ; one called the (^;JwJ/if oj\^jC^ Derwazeh Balamein ; and the other, ^U^Ui oj|>J^ Derwazeh Sharestan. Theoe is a mosque in this inner town, and a kohendiz : there is abo a con^derable river, which turns mills ; its borders are planted with trees: lliere are also bazars ; and the extent of this towiais^ne£ir^ sang. The water of the ditch nans among the villas, and gardens, and meadows, and corn-fields. The citadel has four gates ; one, the Derwazeh (j^]j Ramin ; another, the Derwazeh ^OJLy**i (j^l Ebn Samender ; another, Hxc Derwazeh c:oCL. jjjI Ebn Heket ; and the fourth, the Derwazeh {^\jX^ Kehilhan. This town has six streams or rivers ; the {jjj\^ Sarin, which runs into the suburbs, the ^j^ff^jj Berjin, the (jjf^^^r^^ Resmajin, the ysr^^*^^^' Iskenkejr, the ^^^stj^ Rouleji, and the -J^s^ Seheker : all these six streams proceed from one fountain, and turn ten mills. From this fountain to the town is not so much as half a farsang. ilj Ramin is about the same size as SetrushteSi, situated on the Fer^ianeh road, in the direction of Soghd : the people hew call this plaoe^ in their language, (j^Aj oi>M^jS^Selisedeh Belis. \ \ . ( 263 ) TIttS town has walls. The carayans on the high road from Fei^haneh ta So^bd pass through it. There are many runmng streams and gardens^ and much tilled land ; and the back of this town extends to the hills of Setrooshteh, and the front is to^ Wariis the desert of the country of it Ghuz.^ The town of U^^ Dehzekis built on fevel ground ; it is the chief town of a cKstrict r at two farsang distance from it there is a Rebate which they call the (jJujOdL i^ijj Rebat Khedisk : it WHS built by {j^fJi^^ Afshirti ^nd is the best Rebat ; the people of Samarcand have not one better. . In the midst of the Rebat there is a spring of water, orer which a dome has been erected. UCi/i Deirek (otDebzek) is a pleasant and well-stipplied town, with running water, gardens^ and orchards. . All the towns of thisr Kgion,. whidi we have i^ken of, are nearly equal to and resemMe one another, but ocXa^m* Semendeh, which has running water, bvt has not any gardensir tlie cold being excessive. It is, howerer, a.hsge towft^ and in sufmmer lias pleasant meadows. . {^jJi^\j Ranuifi and ibUM# Stbat are on the road of Ferghaneh and Chaje. If you wish to go the road of cXJcs^ Khojend, by the way of oS^Koukety (or Kqukih) you must go to Fergha- neb, nine f«9ang fk)m Samarcand. In all iSetroushteh there is not any river considerable enough to ( 264 ) admit of the plying of boats ; but there are running streams^ and fountains, and meadows, and groves. The villages of the moun«- tainous part of Setroushteh are these : jtli^ Beshagher, jjtS Ferghour, ^IxJt; Baloam, lXm.^ Mesek, (jjC*J LesJcen, U^iX^ Besenk. These are situated on steep hills: and the cold part of the country, also, has many strong fortresses. Here also are mines of gold, and silver, and copperas, and sal ammoniac. The nlines of sal ammoniac (^oUi^* Nushader) are in the mountains, where there is a certain cavern, from which a vapour issues, ap- pearing by day like smoke, and by night like fire. Over the spot whence the vapour issues, they have erected a house, the doors and windows of which are kept so closely shut and plastered OTer with clay that none of the vapour can escape. On the upper part of this house the copperas rests. When the doors are to be opened, a swiftly-running nian is chosen, who, having his body covered over with clay, opens the door; takes as much as he can of the copperias, and runs off; if he should delay, he would be burnt. This vapour comes forth in difierent places, from time to time; when it ceases to issue from one place, they dig in another until it appears, and then they erect that kind of house over it : if they did not erect this house, the vapour would burn, or evaporate away. In the territory of oOJLyXM Semendeh they make excellent iron. Iron is also manufactured at Ajliy Ferghaneh. At Semendeh ( 205 ) ibffK are market-days established, when people come from a great distance; these days occur once ereiy month. (jjy«UJ Neshamein and ^Xil Ailah are two districts, the extent of both which is two days journey by three. In all Soghd and Mawerabiahr there is not any country equal to this in popu* lousness and in buildings: one of its borders is the yalley or water- course of j^Uj» Chaje, which falls into the lake of Khuarezni jJ(j\jsL (S^.J^ J it is bounded also by the ^jJ^I ^ IT Kar Ahen (oar iron-works) on the confinejs of uAzs^ Sinkhab; another of its boundaries extends to the mountains, adjoining the territories of (^i^lj&J Neshamein ; and another extends to Benagur of the Christians i^^jj^J j^^ (Bena^r l^ersaian.) All the land ia flat. Chaje IS the most considerable of the frontiers of Turke&ftan : it has many fine bmldings. £y«7 palace In it has nmning water, and delightful verdure. All the buildings are of clay. The capital of that district is called CxCm Seket ; and die other towns are, CuJUajc^ Divemaket, <:>j3oiys^ Hedinkety \^\jSJli\^^ M M oIOjxmj Saoudad, c:OoJ/j fFelanket, ( 266 ) Hanerket, cx/Cjb^ Jegherlcet, cxJuw^ MerinJcet, ij\oS Kedal^ and UJ IT Kalek : all U^ese are towns of Chaje. )kj\ AiUik are these: c:OCi^ BounkeU the diief town ; Ov/bsM^ Sekaket, CkJo^t Azenket, ijjgS^ Hamerelr kZ\x^ Basket, fJU^Keheshm, CO^^ Weheket, (.^IdL £7105^ i::^l^y^ Herkat. •■'■'•■ , • " Boiinket^ the capital, has a kohendiz without the citj; but the walls of the town and of the kohendiz are the same. There is a citadel with a wall^ and another fortification outside that, with g^ndens and palaces. The kohendiz has two gates,' one of which is towards the town. The town has a wall, and three gates, one of which is called the ^j*^LoJI jj\ oj\jji^ Derwazek Ahou al abas ; the second is the ^Juj oJU;^ Derwazeh Kish ; and the third is the (^^-aJJ^^cS Deri Ahenin, or iron gate. The citadel has ten gates on the inside ; one, the Derwazeh (jijOl,^ Hamdein i the second, the Derwazeh (^^jy^^l Ahenin ; the third, the Derwazeh yK^ Mir ; the fourth, o^y J^ ^^" Ferkhan.; the fifth, Deri ooS^ Kedehy the sixth, Deri ^^j^ Kouafah; the seventh, Derwazeh Jy*» (Sj^ Kouy Sohel; the eighth, Deri v^Ls??cX&l Asliedbehak; the ninth, Deri ^^ KhaJcan; and the tenth Derwazeh, ^JU*0 ^S^j^ j^ Der m Koushek Dehkan. ( 267 ) . . On the outer side^ the dtadd has ^even gates ; one, the Der- .wazeh cuX^i^ Deghket ; the second^ Derwazeh cx> l:L Khakhet ; the third. Deri Cf Isr^ cXxXxi Beikend Behak ; the fourth^ Der i^)jS^\ Ahenin ; the fifth, Deri {^\cs^ S Kerenjan ; the sixth, Derwazeh JCi Sheker ; and the seventh, Derwazeh c^U Ju Seg- herbad. The governor s palace and the prison are in the kohen- diz; and the chief mosque is on the walls, of the kohendiz. In the ixmer town is a small bazar ; but there are great bazars in the titadel. The length of this city is one farsang. Hie inner town and the citadd are watered by a running stream. There are estensive and fine gardens ; and there is a great wall, reaching fvpm the hjU called ^OLiUm Sailaa, to the brink of the channel or water-course of Cbaje. This wail was erected, to separate the ^ormtFy- from Turkestan, and prevent incursions. It was erected by order of Abdullah ben Hamid. From this inclosure, to the ditch or fosse, is a distance of one farsang. Here is another river, called the ijlX^jJy ^jj Rudi Turkestan, which partly comes fitMn (^1$vmJ Neikan, and partly from the country of tjj^ Chekrel : it reaches the town of oJtar^ BehakeL There is in. v^XiJ AUak a river called by the same name ( Ailak) : this also rises in Turkestan ; and runs, for the greater part, into the river of Qiaje. kjZ\X^jj Boumeket is the chief town of Chaje. Chaje and Ailak border one upon the odier. The buildings, and gardens, and orchards of Ailak, are continued to the valley or water-course of Chaje, without any inter- ft M M 2 ( 208f ) val. In the moimtains of Ailak • there are mines of gold and of silver: these mountains are on the borders of Feighanefa. COCajcS Deinket is the largest of all the towns in Ailak. In all Maweralnahr there i& not an^ mint, except at Samarcand and at Deinket. . . Senjat is a town, with a kohendiz and citadel ; the former now in ruins. The town is in a flourishing state ; the inner part of which extends for near a farsang. Near the citadel are gardens and running streams ; from the town to the foot of the mountain is three farsang. The town has four gates : the vJCL^ jtS Deri Bouchek, the otsLJ jiX Deri Farkhan, the aJf^LM ^<> Der Sakeraneh, and the \jlsri j^ Deri Bokhara4 There is a bazar both in the town and in the citadel. The mosque^ and the goyemor & palace^ and the prison, are situated in the inner town. The tOMms in the territories of Senjat are> oS^a^Oo Bedheket, and c:.iX^Lw Sarneket, j\Jo Teraz, J~ Atlah, (^^Xxj Beily^ jif^Kezr, and (j^lyyw-c Ghersiran; but Sameket is the chief town of the Koureh of Kunjideh Q\X(fs^ 9J^* ^^^ is the chief town of vl;^ Farah. o^ Mian is a town to which the people of ^ Ghuz come for the purposes of traffick ; and a» there are not any hostilities carried on at Mian, the town flou- rishes^ and abounds in all the necessaries of life. C 209 ) »ljU Farab is the name of a district, the extent of which is near one day's journey ; all the places in it are very strong : it is a hilly country, and contains much land sown with grain. In the eastern part there is a valley with a water-course, which is supplied by die river of Chaje, and runs towards OJLXju Beikend to the west. .p.1:^ Chaje is a city flourishing and populous,, and the inhabit- ants are Mussulmans of jt Ghuz, and of ^f^ Khilje, all of the (CjLc Ghazi sect. Between Farab, and Kenjideh^ and Chaje^ there are many fields sown with grain : the people live in tents, and are all Mussulmans ; but they are not powerful* . ^\Ja Teraz is on the extreme border, between the land of the Turks and Mussulmans ; and all about there are strong castles, called in general after Teraz. The region of Islam extends as far as this spot. In die territories of OJJ^^\ Azerkend there is a city, with a iLohendiz, and a mosque, and ramparts, on which is situated the governor s iiouse ; and the prison is in the kohendiz : this is a pleasant town, affording good fruits, and inhabited by a courteous and handsome race. Com is brought to this place from Fergh- aneh, and Setroushtdi, and other countries, in boats, by the river of Chaje, which is a considerable stream. ( J70 ) The ^jr^ Anoid rises in Turkestan, in the borders of Aacr- kend ; also die rirer v^U^^ Khersab, and the rirer (jml^J AweiSf and Lo Keha, and the htct fA^Oc^ Hedali, and otber streams* The people ofjt Ghuz are for the greater number Mnssolmans. Ghuz is the capital^ where the kings of this countiy reside durii^ the summer. The kingdom of Ghuz extends in a strai^it line ten merfaileh from Khuarezm to this place; and from tibus to i^l^U Barab, twenty merhilek aJU^Jl Ferghaneh is the name of an simple and fertile pnmnco^ which contains many towns and villages : the capital is called CUXaamjeLI Akhsiket : it is situated on a level ground^ on a river ; and has a kohendiz, and subu]i)s^ and a castle. The govemor*6 palace and the prison are in the kohendiz> and the mosque is in the town : There is an oratory on die banks of the river Chaje. The extent of this city is near three farsang. The casde is walled; aiid the inner town has five gates: the citadel has run- ing water: and there are gardens and groves at each of the gates ; and there are rivers at the distance of about two farsang* Aj Keba is one of the pleasantest places in this country ; it^ has suburbs, and a kohendiz, and a citadel : the kohendiz is fallen to decay ; but the mosque is there. The bazars^ and the govet-* nor*8 palace^ and the prison, are in the citadel. The citadel is ( 271 ) walled round; and has gardens^ and orchards^ and running water. ^j\ Awesh is about the size of Keba^ with suburbs and a kohendizy in which are the governor s palace and the prison : it has also a citadel^ with walls, which are connected with the mountain. On this mountain are stationed the sentinels who watch the motions of the Turkestan army^ . Awesh has three gates: the o^ oj\^j%^Derwazeh Kouh, or the mountain*gate ;, the K^V oj\jjC^ Derwazeh Ah, or the water-gate; and the ocXXjU c>j\jjC^ Derwazeh Moghkedeh, or the gate of the temple of the magians. OJJ^jl Awerkend enjoys the wannest climate of any place in the province of Ferghaneh : it is next to the enemy, and is twice or thrice as large as Awesh ; it has a kohendiz and suburbs, with groves, and ^rdens, and running streams. In all Maweralnahr there is not any village more considerable than that of Ferghaneh ; it extends one farsang in length, and in breadth ; it is well inhabited; the people are good husbandmen, and pos*. sess much cattle. The territories of Ferghaneh are. Best ay Zeirin i^jjjf c^U^kjj, oj\ Areh, ^\jj Touan, ^U^jL^-^ Memaroujan, {J<^ ^-X:^ Hed Ali, O^^jJ Awrest. The first of these territories is Bestay Zeirin, as one comes on die road from . Khojend. The towns of this district are, cXJCilj ", fj^ Besoukh, tXJLXl ( 272 ) 4nd the towns of Bestay Zeirin are, {^Lyi yc M^ghenhOiU (jM^f^cXJ^ Rendwames, J^^^ Abarket, and from that to ' cXjLm ia[jj Rebat Soghd ; in all ten merhileh. From the Rebat of • Soghd to ^jj^ Mezrgheh, one merhileh ; from that to (^^^a^Ij Ramin, one merhileh ; from that to LU*w Sebat, one merhileh ; from Awerkend to cuSj\m4 Saweket, one merhileh ; from that to Khojend, one merhileh ; from (j^l Auesfi to Awerkend, one merhileh. If one wishes to go from Khojend to c:^aJu1jcL Kkes- keit, he must proceed from OJS Kend to OJ3\j:L Khuakend, one merhileh ; and from Khuakend to Kheskeit, one long * mer- hileh. From {^3 Kerin, which is the first place of Mawer- alnahr, to Awerkend, on the extremity of the borders, is a journey of twenty- three merhileh. " • N N ( 274 ) Distances of Stages on the Road of Chaje. From Chaje to the extreme boundary of the land of Islam : from Ck/;ljl Aharket to (^1 JaS Ketran, the road of Chaje and of Ferghaneh is the same, as far as the cXyC^I ia[j^ Rehat Ahmed ; there it turns off on the right hand : if one wishes to go to Ketran it is one merhileh ; and if one .wishes to go to. ajL« j:^^ Jermaiah, it is likewise one merhileh ; from that to O^O Deiruk, from Deiruk to / •>a**x:^ v^JLS* Shuk Hosein ; from that to OJJJ^ v.JL§i Shuk Kenend ; from that to ^Sj^ Feik ; from that to 0\/j^l Ashourket : from that to OJCo Beiket ; from that to the Rehat Ahou alAhhass q^LoJI^ILU^, which is called ^Jlj\ Aikeren\ from that to the village of c^^/cXac Abdikerd; from that to ^jlar"*^ Senjan; from that to cxXk^b' l^ajeket ; and frojn Taje- ket to^lJo Teraz, two days journey ; during which there is not any inhabited place. If one wishes to go the road of yJi\flkj Benaket, he must proceed from Ov/UI Abraket to ^j»a^|^ Zamin ; from that to (j^ji^^ Hawes ; from that to COCIm^ Selket ; from that to jy^ Sour; from the banks of the Jihoon to ^IJa Teraz, is a distance of twenty-two merhileh; from that to Q^l J Ferajun, one merhileh ; from ^J W L**^ Mesalkal, one merhileh ; from js^-jU Maberbouaar, one merhileh ; to u^ ( 275 ) Nejeh, one merhileh; to ^y**^ NesoijJch, one merhileh; to ^jjOtS Deirken, one merhileh ; to Uojl L[jj Rebat Azik, one merhileh; to k^^-^ iVafe/i5/ie2;^ one merhileh; from Bokhara to Balkh^ thirteen merhileh. ^ \j OSA CXOjyMi ^1 0\j Road from Samarcand to Balkh. • It is a journey of two days from Samarcand to yiJ" Kash ; from Kiish. to i\OsX> Kendil; is three merhileh : as far as this stage^ die road of Bokhara and of Balkh is the same. Road from Bokhara to Samarcand: From Bokhara one merhileh to Ferjeneh ; from that, for eight menzils, or stages, the road is a desert and uninhabited; but there are some pasture-lands and water. When one wishes to depart from the river Jihoon, from (C^l Atnoui to Qjfj Feireh, is one merhileh ; from Veireh to /^jC^yc Merdumin; from Merdumin to ^j>-Lwl Asas ; from Asas to Aj\Jt^ Moghaneh ; from that to aj J^LL> Taheriah ; from that to (^lijcS Derghan; from that to JT Arhen are at one farsang from Khotlan, from the stone bridge (^j.aXa**i A^) four farsang ; from the pass of (^IIm^cXj Badakshan to the village of ^sXy^^ Helleh, is two merhileh. ( 211 ) Distances dnd Stages of Termed and Cheghanian. From Termed to (j\^j^j^ Herrnigan, one merhileh ; , from that to /^XjJ ^ItS Dar Zingi, one merhileh ; fix)m Dar Zingi to Cheghanian, two merhileh ; from Cheghanian to /JLs^ J^^^h and from that to ^L«yi Shouman, two merhileh; from Shouman to (j;Ljy i Alouhan, one day's journey ; from Alouban to O ^Xmjj a. fFeishgird, one day's journey; from Weishgird to v^JJJljl Ailak, one day's journey ; from Ailak to J^A^ci Derhend, one day's journey; fromDerbend to i^^j^ Kaukan, to the castle (axXS), two days journey ; from Cheghanian to cmVS?J Zeitoun, one merhileh ; from Cheghaiiian to cz-vwl i^JSLOora^t*, one merhileh ; from Cheghanian to Owjc^ lXjj Rik Desht (the sand-desert), six merhileh; from OwJ 2'ermed to ^jIj^Lo Kobadian, two merhileh ; from Kobadian to Ch^hanian, three merhileh ; from Weishgird to {j^f^S^ Jjj^Pool Senkin (the stone bridge), one day's journey. These are the roads and distances between Cheghanian and {j[Xu*Juy Kouhestan : from Cheghanian to Ml Asteroushteh : from aulS,;:^ Herkaneh to * * I have used the Eton MS. in my translation from this place to the end, my copy wanting the last page. t 2-J e fyMt Doubtfully written. ( 280 ) cxJjtS Derket*, five farsang; and from Herkaneh to {^)J^[} Zamin, nine farsang : from Zamin toLULM Sahat, three farsang ; and from COCs^ Bouheketf to Ferghaneh, two farsang ; from xj Beiket J, which is on the borders of Ferghaneh, and from 'km Setroushteh to that place, seven farsang; from Se- teh to vi^ixA WdaketK three farsansr: on the road of Khojend, and from Waaketh to O* ^c Arek, two ^u'sang tn Arek to Khojend, six fersang. Distances of A^Mah% and v^lasr^' Isahah \\ : vi^Uj Bena- kethy is situated on the banks of die river of -^1^ Chaje ; fitim that to oJCaJLm j:L Klierseliket, one farsang ; from Khersdiket to c:OCaj Benket %, one farsang ; from that to OuJ^^^a*** Sehourket, three farsang; and from that to (^U^ci * * * * Dehekan\\f two farsang; and from that to OoJvaaJIJ Zalinkiet XX^ ^^^ ^r- sang ; and from that to vJxXl^ Heiket § §> two farsang. • Or Sf^ Dcrk. t I have supplied the points in this nanne, as they are omitted in the Eton MS. J Doubtfully written. § I suspect an omission of some points in this word^ and perhaps it should be ^L^ Chaje. g Doubtfully written. % I have supplied the pcnnts of B and N in this word. It is so doubtfully written in the Eton MS. as to appear like cXCt Meket\ perhaps It should be cS\xkBenaket/ 1 1 The name following Dehekan is so written in the Eton MS. as to be capable of various readings ; I therefore give it as in the MS. ^ ^ 0^ ^ I have here supplied, by conjecture, all the points, except those of the first and last letter. §§ Doubtfully written. ( 281 ) Thiis terminates the Oriental Geography of Ebn Haukal> according to the Manuscript preserved in the College Library at Eton — (My copy wants the last leaf. J ^However abrupt it may seem^ I am induced to believe that this is the proper conclusion of the fVork ; for a considerable part of tfie last page in the Eton Manuscript is left blank — a circumstance which could not have happened^ had it been intended that any more should follow , as the Eastern Penmen are so scru- pulously exact infilling every page with an equal number of lines, that they frequently begin a new Section or Chapter at the very bottom of a page. The Author, besides, appears to have accomplished his design, intimated in the second and third pages of this Volume. o o i* APPENDIX. No. I. THE ORIGINAL PERSIAN OF VARIOUS PASSAGES' REFERRED TO AND TRANSLATED IN THE PRECEDING PAGES. Passage translated in Pages 70 and 71. JuU v..;-^»»*^^. (.Jl:^*^ ^y tXJu^ c:*>**l otijj ^_^tJ (S^ v-v^ c^^j-^bc^ ^jfoL^l^j o^U' ^>*** c^j^ (S<^y (^Ij ^X*JI A-Jl£ ^^-f^ ^ Cio**! OtijJ tijjY-' U^'^ ^ *^^ 002 284 APPENDIX. No. I. jii OJtilti ^j \jj\ ^^yj ^^>^**^ yj:^»*tji^ ^as*. {jJ ^ ^f, oW^ c:^! oO^ {^y, AXa^ci J ^jjjcX-ojO a/OuJjJj tXiti J (j%;*iU Passage translated in Pages 82 and 83. ^^- cx;ji^ o^**^^ r-^-''^:;Y^ r-^ r-^V^ c ^ ^ "^^^^ i«^ ^^^^' ^*^' (t3 (j^J OJJl^ ^jK (t) ^j-fi'**^^ eH ^^^^' (ti * In the Eton MS. this passage begins with the following words in red iiik ^MjU ^\^y*^ Uti ^ and then continues (in black ink) itl^l*' Jsi^ ilXwi " But the Zemtunu of Fars are five : these are some places," &c. &c. APPENDIX, No. I. 285 ^Um (*)|^^ o^'^ Passage translated in Pages 92 and 93. • «Xaj^ Literally, " /*^ say." I tave' translated this word accordingto Its general sense, " 1/ is said,'* dicitur, fertur, i^c. in which it is used throughout the MS. ; because the audior does not mean that ** the men (thitnsilvis) said thai their (dum) ori^ gin, {^Tr."— he would, to express this, have used, after 3^1, the possessive ^y^ or (fr»y^ their, their own, instead of (jjLSul. 286 APPENDIX, No. I. Passage translated in Page 96. «• •• •• ^ Passage translated in Page ii6. j^ jy^ c^^ vi^« J ij>oaUjT J o'^c^V^ Passage translated in Page 129. APPENDES, No. L 287 (jrf (^^ J ^-jf^ L^ '^W c„5^ty** jsJ^ ^^^'^M^j Passage translated in Page 141. Passage translated in Page 254. ■ LxJw»^l 49j'cXjl Aam*a> ^jIjJ (C-x,^ O^ J '^^ ®<^^iy*V^. <:>*W OvMJ Ajt«^ ^jUo (j;;<.^^ (^a:^1>w <3«^ Ju ^wca^I 288 APPENDIX, No. II. No. II. The Reader will find, among the passages in the preceding ar- ticle of this Appendix, a short account of the Boloujes, mentioned in pages 140 and 141 of the work. It is necessary here to point out an iiicongruity between Ebn Haukal's description of this people, and that of other writers. This, however, may be recon- ciled, if we suppose (w^hat indeed occurs in every page of the ori- ginal MS.) an error in the writing. For cXaJJ o\j (they do not infest the roads J ^ we must read cXJuyj o\j *^ they do infest the roads," and alt6r the remainder of the sentence accordingly. I was induced to adopt this reading,- from the concurrent testi- monies of various Eastern Authors, who all bear witness against the character of the Bolouches. It will be sufficient to quote two dictionaries; first, the Ferhung Borhan Kattea ^IS o^t^ AiT" ^^Ua-sj r^ ji cxib AX(Uo. ^u— ^y> J ^y^ • i^lijt Jl \^\c^jS J o3j\c> ^^^Joy ^jUj/- ^\^ <^Ly*j/ c^^l'j c^*^J*b as related by Tabari, with a literal translation; will be found in the Oriental Collections, voL iii, p. 150; where I have^Ven it ^ a specimen of the most pure and ancient Parsi. The original Chronicle of Tabari was written in the Arabick language! and this Persian translation was made in theydar of the Hegira 352, (A. D. 963), by a vizier of the Sanianian princes^^ who inserted many curious traditions and observations of his own. See the Preface, p/xii. • D'Hcri)elor, Bibliot. Orient. Art. Tarikh and Thabari. 294 APPENDIX, No. lit ^jjOu Ov-I c^Oy# Aa. ^ ^^\ «JXo o^xi^ l^jl J i^jjr And Samar also passed from the river Jihoun (the Oxus) and went to Samarcand. This city had a castle very strongly forti- fied, in which the king resided : one whole year Samar continued before the gates of this castle, without being able to effect any thing against it. At length he himself went the rounds, and took prisoner a certain man, one of the porters of the castle, and brought him into the camp, and said to him : ^^ What kind of person is the king of this place, whose skill and ingenuity are such, that, after trying every stratagem for a whole year, I am " not able to take this castle." The man answered, ^* This king " is not by any means a person of sagacity : he is one of very *' foolish conduct ; whose only employments are drinking of wine and festivity : he is intoxicated day and night : but he has a daughter who manages all these affairs, and takes care of the i< (( <( if APPENDIX, No. III. 295 *^ army and of the castle." Samar said within himself, " It is ** easy to defeat the arrangements which women make/' Then he asked the man> Whether this daughter of the king had a hus* band ? — ^the man informed him, that she had not. Samar having bestowed him a present, said, " I have occasion for your services; *^ you must bear a message from me to this damsel :" — ^the man consented. Samar then brought out a golden casket, and filled it with rubies, and pearls^ and emeralds, and said, '^ Present " these to that damsel ; and tell her, that I have come from " Yemen in search of her ; that the conquest of this kingdom is '' not my object, for all Khorasan and Persia already are mine ; '' but she must'give herself to me as a wife. There are with me '' four thousand chests full of gold : ^ these I will send to her ; 290 APPENDIX, No. III. ^^1 C^*.*3:r'JI L-^ (jf^j cXtU Ijjl ^jUmUa:^ j ^ (<^ ciLjUi.lj' tiUi** j JU Oy« (jT «--kA (^7 -* J *V^ Cj^Ij V^*^ j\^J^^Jjj^c> f^S^j^j^ ^\oS k::^ c^yji^ j\^ "and I will bestow this city on her fethcr, wheneTer these " afikirs shall be finally settled : and if she sh()uld bear unto me " a son, the empire of Persia and of Cheenistan shall be his. I ** shall first, as an earnest, send her, by night, the chests of " gold ; and afterwards espouse her." • . . . t . . • The man having gone into Samarcand the same night, de- livered this message to the damsel, who deliberated on it, and then sent back that person to ratify the bargain ; and to desire Samar that he should on the following night send the chests of gold into the city, and come there himself in such a manner that no one might perceive it. SamarCiand had four gates, and she told him which of these gates should be opened. * APPENDIX, No. m. 2^7 oLa^ Ij cVp. J Oly o'/^/ V^^ 7*^ ^-^^^/^ V^^ ^^- 1->*^- On the next day Samar brought out four thousand chests, and put into each two men completely armed ; and when the night became dark, he placed each chest on the back of an ass, and to each he appointed a man as a superintendant, likewise completely armed : thus there were to the amount of twelve thousand men. These he sent on into Samarcand, and told them that he would place his army in proper disposition, and station them all round the castle ; and he directed them, that when they should be within the city, they might open the lids of the chests, and come out, and ring bells (for he had given a bell to every man), so that he might know how matters went ; and then they were to open the gate and let him enter with the army. When it w'as midnight, a messenger came from the damsel, sayiijg, " The gate of the city ** is opened ; let some of the chests be now sent.*^ Samar placed QQ 298 APPENDIX, No. m, lUoa^ OJ'^ CkMk^J^ ^jT \jj^j^ Ai^c:v*.l ^;,loJLJl A-s-*.*y v^j*^ J ^Wj the chests on the asses, and took his station with the army. When the chests arrived at the castle, all the men came forth from them, and hegan to ring their bells, and threw open the gates of the city ; and Samar entered with his troops, sword in hand, and they continued to slaughter until it was day ; so that blood ran in streams : the king was slain and the damsel taken prisoner ; and Samar remained in this city one year. In the book entitled Tesmiah al Boldan, it is mentioned, that in those times Samar- cand was called Cheen, and the Cheenians were there ; and these people first made the paper of the Cheenians. But Samar called this city after his own name. In Persian Samarkand (with the letter S ). Kand (OJu ) in the Tartar or Turkish language signifies a city. But when this name was used in Arabick, it became Samarcand cXoj^, (with the letter i.) After this Samar led forth his army and proceeded into Turkestan and to Tibbet, &c. &c. APPENDIX, No. III. 290 The ancient tradition, here recorded, is unknown to most of the modem Persian writers, or, at least, imnoticed by them *. Emir Rauzi, however, in his excellent geographical compilation, the Heft Aklim, or Seven Climates, informs us that ^>^jr^. o^ J' uH ^^^^->^ c^y ^jK- O^J^ ^\^ <€ €C " a person named Shamar who was of the family of the Tohha, ^^ or sovereigns of Yemen, destroyed that city, so that no vestige *' remained of its (principal) building, (a castle of immense extent, '^ and said to have been erected by Gurshasp, and repaired, at ^^ different times, by Lohorasp and Alexander the Great). After that it acquired the name of Shamarkand (with the letter J ) which the Arabs, according to their idiom, call Samarcand, ^^ with S)." The same account is given in the Ajaih al holdan and other manuscripts, which agree in assigning to this city the highest degree of antiquity. If the tradition preserved by Tabari is founded in historical fact, we may suppose the gate on which the * I must also acknowledge that in one copy of Tabari, in my possession, it is not found : but the other two preserve it. From the more ancient of these, transcribed A. D, 1446, this extract has been given* Q Q 2 300 APPENDIX, No. III. . Hamayritick inscription was fixed, to have been that which the avaricious princess opened to the wily Samal*; and it is probable that this inscription commemorated *n the language of that Arab, the success of his stratagem, although we only learn from Eba Haukal that it mentioned the distance from Samar to Samarcand. Seepage 254 — 287, and Preface, p. ix, x, xi. The paper of Samarcand, to the manufacture of which Tabari alludes in the preceding extract, is celebrated by various writers.^ Although the Arabians do not pretend to have known the inven- tion of it before the eighty-eighth year of the Hegira (A. D. 7o6)> yet the use of paper was universal among the Persians and Chi- nese in ages of more remote antiquity *• According to Ali ben Mohammed cXv^sf* (^ L5^ (quoted by the learned Casiri) the art of making paper was introduced at Samarcand in the thirtieth year of the Hegira (A. D. 65 o) ; and he adds, " heretofore the use of paper was only known at Samarcand and *' among the Chinese."^ And Casiri f thinks it most probable that the Arabians learned it from the Persians or Chinese. '^ Unde " verisimile profecto est Arabes hujusmodi usum a Persis et * Biblioth. Arabico-tiisp. Casiri, Tom. II. p. 9» 1 Bibl. Arab. Hisp. Tom. II. p. 9. APPENDIX, No, rV". 801 ^ Sinensibus, quorum regiones partim expugnanmt partim per- " liistrarunt jamdhi accepisse; id ipsum luculentissim^ demon- *' strant complures codices manuscripti Escurialensis Bibliothecas^ ^^ quorum aliqui exarati sunt amio Egirae 400 (Christi loog) ; alii ',^ amio 50O, Charisti veto 1 1 oO..** No. IV. In pages 235, 245, 254, the reader is referred for some account of the Samanian Dynasty to this article of the Appendix ; and in the Preface also, p. x, a passage is quoted from Abulfeda, which mentions a prince of this family. The learned D'Herbelot, in his account of the Samanians*^ (which he collected from a chronicle, expressly written on the subject of their history, and another excellent work, the Leb- tarikh) notices a difierence of calculation in respect to the dura- tion of this dynasty, which commenced in the year of the Hegira 201 (A. D. 374), and terminated in the year 388, (A. D^ 998.^) * Bibliot. Orient. Article Samaniah.. 802 APPENDIX, No. IV. I find that, according to the Tarikh Gqzideh, it lasted 102 y^ears, 6 months, and 2o days : according to the Tarikh Kipchak 9 Khani, 103 jears, 2 months, and ll days : there are still greater variations in other accounts ; but all may be reconciled by ob- serving that some historians do not consider Ismael as king, although he possessed all the power of one, imtil his government was acknowledged by the Khalif* The names of the Samanian princes in the order of their suc- cession are here given according to the Tarikh Gozideh, the KJie- lassut al Akhbar of Eliondemir, and other manuscripts. 1. cXy^l (jj ;Jxly>wl Ismael ben Ahmed. 2. j^jCLyMjl (J^ vXyl^l Ahmed ben Ismae], 3. CXy.^^i (M^ y^ Nasser ben Ahmed< 4. Nouh ben Nasser. Abdalmalek ben Nouh. APPENDIX, No. IV. 303 Mansour ben Abdalmalek. 7. jyaX^ (jj ^ Nouh ben Mansour*. 8. Mansour ben Noi^. 9. ^ (^ LilyJIcXj^ Abdalmalek ben Nouh* The Tarikh Jehan Ara and some other chronicles add the name of another ^y ^ J^Ly*wl Ismael hen Nouh; but the Sama-^ nian Dynasty is generally said to consist of nine princes, those who are above enumerated. The third, Nasser hen Ahmed, is the person who, according to our author, Ebn Haukal, rebuilt the Gate of Samarcand (see p. 254), and under whom a respectable person at Maweralnahr is said (in p. 235) to have borne arms. This prince is styled, by Abulfeda (see a passage quoted in the Prefece, p. x), Mohammed Ehn Locman Ehn Nasir hen Ahmed^ And, in the Tarikh Kipchak Khani, I find him entitled, Saied AhouVhassan Nasser hen Ahmed cXy^^l (^ y^ai ^v^'^\ yA cXajum. He succeeded his father in the year of the Hegira 301 (A. D, 913), and died Anno . 304 APPENDIX, No. IV, Hegira 330, (A, D. O^l.) According to Kipchak Khan, the poets i^^^j Rudeki and /^s?!J ^j*^UxJI jj\ Ahoii V abbas Zeichi •• •• flourished in the time of Nasser Ahmed. The Cazi Ahmed al Ghufiari, in his Tarikh Jehan Ara, informs us, that &C. I ^JXj^a^^ /^a^JU ocXaJuu ^ cXO—MJ '^ in the geographical work, entitled Moajem al Boldan, it is '^ observed that Saman was a town belonging to Samarcand, or, '^ according to some, j\ place in the territories of Balkh, from ^^ which the ancestor of the Samanian family derived his name.'* ^^^S^^ i INDEX. N. B. This Index does not refer to any Articles of the Preface or Appendix. Alexawdek the Great, 70, 116, 215 Abbassides, 16, 66 Abraham, 40, 58, 70, 150 Asses not larger tban sheep, 37 Animal (uncommon), 25 Altar of David, 99 Apostles, 39 Apple (extraordinary), 129 B. Babylon, ancient capital of the Persian Empire, 3 Balsam, 36 Bodies of the dead, at Teneis, in Egypt, 36 Bodies of the dead burnt by the Russes, 191 Book purchased for 1000 dinars, 119 Barzouieh the celebrated phy- sician, 216 Bolouches, a people of Kirman, 140, 143 Barbud the musician, 216 Basrah (number of streams at), 63 C. Curds, 83, 92, 97 Crocodiles, 31, 36, 155 Castles (impregnable), 94 Christians, 13, 14, 23, 26, S6, 42, 43, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, I60, 161, 186, 187, 188, I9I, 218, 257, 265 D. Daniel the prophet, his bones found, 76 Dolphin, 35 R R 300 INDEX. R Fertility of Maweralnahr, 233 Fatemites, 20, 21 Fish without bones, 133 uncommon, 31 Fire temples, 85, 95, 116 worshippers, 116, 146, &c. : extraordinary rites, 95, 173 Sire issuing from a mountain, 77 G. Grecian philosophers, 41, 52 Gog and M agog, 8, 9 Gypsies, 83 Guebres. See Fire-worshippers H. Hospitality of the Transoxanians, 234 Hamyaritick inscription, 254 I. Idols (worshipped), 13, 146 Idol at Moultan, 148 Jews, 10, 42, 116, 160, 186, 187, 188, 190, 221, 224 Jewish king, 185, 189 Jesus, 39, 67 y 127, 237 Israelites, 29, 38, 171 Joseph, 31 K. Kaaba, 2, 128 Kouche, a people, 140, 143 Kings of Spain, 28 Khacan, or King of Khozr, 189 Kermez, the dyer*s worm, l6l Language Pehlavi, 114 ' Parsi, 114 of Khuzistan, 76 Pars, 114 Ghawr, 227 — • ^Tabaristan, 174 Kirman, 143 Makran, 152 Derbend, 159 Ardebil, 163 Bokhara, 251 ^the Kouches and Bolouches, 143 Land of Lot, 46 Mary (Virgin), 39, 127, 237 Magick and sorcery, 1 30 Mummy, 133 Nimrod, 70, 130 Noah's Ark, 60 INDEX. 307 Noushirvan, 69, 158 O. Ommiades, 24, 26, 60, II9, 124 P. Palace of Noushirvan, 69 Pyramids of Egypt, 33 Pharaoh, 37 -^ ^his villa, 36 Paper of Samarcand, 233 R. RoseM^ater of Shiraz, 1 32 Romances of the Persians, 172 Ruins of Baalbek, 43 S. Shapour or Sapores, 74, 100 Sassanides, 71, 134 Samanides, 121, 245, 251 Sabeans, 42, 58 Scorpions, 20, 56y 77, 171 Sea fights, 54 SofFarian dynasty, 77 Scull set in silver, 123 Statues of kings, 129 at Bisutoun, 173 in the desert of Shour, 197 • T. Temple of the Sabeans, 42 of Solomon at Persepolis, or Istakhar, 129 Wall at Derbend, built by Nou- shirvan, 158 Water of the Caspian Sea, dark coloured, 181 Wealth of the inhabitants of Si- raf, 115, 133 Y. Yezdegird slain in a mill, 216 Z. Zohak, 70, 116, 172 PRINTED, JT THE ORIENTAL PRESS, BY WILSON & CO. WILBuCOURT, LIMCOLN'8 INN FIELDS, LONDON, ERRATA. Page. Line, 28 2, 3 • • For comlexion, Read complexion. 84 12 Derayi, Deryai. 90 3 after v-^^^^jS*, add o!>^j 2,iid read the English Shaab-bouan, as one name. 100 16- • • - • • -ot, or. 146 8 possessors, f professors. 172 16 nevtr, • -not 196 21 Kebat, Rebat 220 10 then, — than. 228 22 ^jUiOcLi, •;.^JU^2LcXi. 241 9 Chereh, • • h -Chehreh- Pages 258, 259> 260, (et passim,) for ]^sh, rmi Kash. ( 300 ) SECOND INDEX. iV, B. As the preceding Index has not appeared sufficiently copious for this fVorky the Names of Places are added in that which follows. The re- ferences to the Preface are expressed in Roman numerals. A. Aajbj 266 Aalia, 248 Aaneh, 6o Aaien, IO9 Aamil, 207 Aarian, 218 Aasim, 223 Aarez, 247 Aaycih, 72 Abadan, \l, 6l, 64^ 73, 75 Abadehy 86 Abad, 2 17 Abarkct, 273, 274 Abdikerd, 274 AbyiBnia, 4, 13, 14, 22 Abendian, 87 Ablah, xiv, xv, 64, 79 Aberkouh, 86, 102, 103, 108, 111, 130, 132 Abdarrahman, 86, 107, 129 Abdejan, 132 Aboughanem, 139, ^40, 143 Abaas, 144 Aberi, 154 Abenjan, 160 Abcrkendman, l64 Abhcr, i65j 169^ 170 Abisgoan, 176, 180, 185, 19O, 191 Abshour, 197 Abdallah, 210 Aberkend, 276 Abnez, ^6 Aden, 14 Adereh, 40 Adeib, 159 Adneh, 45 Aderaa, 49 Adithah, 50 Adeki, 210 Ader, 217 Adcdalek, b65 JEgypu Sec Egypt Africa, 2, 4, 5, 7, 15, 16, 19, 21, 28, 132 Afadeh, 30 Afaresk, 133 Agemi, 165, 168 , Ahmah, 65 Ahouam, 33 Ahwaz, 74, 75, 80 Ahcf, 120 Ainaff, 51 Aien al Shcms, 86 Aien Zarieh, 54 S S Aien Arbah> 38 Ailek, 37 Aikan, 139 Aidah, 74 Aidej, 75, 80, 113 Airi, 147 Aien Alhem, 175, 183 Ailak, vii, 238, 250, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 277 Aikeren, 274 Aiiah, xiv Ajia, 183 Akareb, 110 Akereh, 194 Akhseikh, 240 Akebseh, 49 Akhmim, .35 Akrites, 53 Akbera, 71 Aklid, 86 Akdeh, 112 Aljezireh. Sec Jezireh Allami, 13 Al Botem, viii Alsoar (lake), 84 Allan, 4, 5, 156 Alexandria, 29, 31^ $9, 45, 50, 52j 70 SIO SECOND INDEX. Allu, 13Q Allepo. SeeHaleb Almour, 90 Alaudket, 2(J5 Almerasek, 175 All Abad, 183 Alouban, S77 Amarkec, 279 Anwui, sag, na, 675 Anud, 270 Amedi, t6s Amadeh, sg Amcden, 88 Ameniah, 349 Anur, S21 Arool, )75, 179, 181, 18f, 183, 190, 191, ISO, S13, ss6, sss, 229 Amrauilou, 163 Amid, iS, 57 Anbouraii} 90 AnbubaiwD, 8? Antaldah, 44, 49, 51, s« Anbas, 50, 61 Anbar, is, b6, sg, fil AnarMebeije, ill And), ISO Anderab, 157 Andemeth, i6S Anbereh, 1 93 Anderabeh, S33, an, asa,asi Andenjaragli, 239 Anderbaz, 243 Andtdan, 248 Anduken, S72 Andaija, ii, 4, 5, 7, IB, 16, 81, 25, 26, 27t 28, 51, 93 Aoud, 1G7 Aieb, 271, £79, 230 Annjet, 279 Arkan, 86, 279 Arhen, S76 Arou, 2fi0 Arlcand, 248 Ardan, 248 Aidejcr, 341 Arlier, 223 Ardenjan, 218 Ardvar. 215 Arse], 199 Arthai, 191 Ajiha, 191 Arinou, 177 Arjeith, 169, l6s Armi, 162, 165 Annia, 162 Aras, 161, 16a Ardcbil, 64, 135, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163 Armen, 4, 5, isG Aran, 1 55, 1 56, L5g, l6 129, 119, 133, Ll6> 11 Atzen, 99 Arem, 7* Afghan (KourehJ, 90 Ardohir (Khereh), 88, 185 Ardtshri [KourehJ, 37, &!> 99 Ardeshir (Derch), 82, 91, 33, 104, 131 Ardeshir, 82, 8S, 9L Arirah, 89 Ardeshirgird, 121 Arzu, 90 Arden, 39, 40, 47, 48, 49 Arhadouh, S6 Armeh, 17 Arbilah, 15, 20 ArJan, 110 Asas, 53, 274 Asker Mokicm, 20, 73, 79 Asijeb, 19 Asiat, 13 Alkcr al mohdi, 67 Ase), 78, 79, 90 Ascdan, 87 Asclan, 87 Astourah, 90 Asouan, 3g, 35, 37 Ascalon, 48 Ashmouein, 35 Astadan, 90 Aseljar, 90 Astehajan, 113 Aidejan, 88 Aitefahaian, 89 Asknoun, 95 Asfendrud, iSl Atcdabad, 166, 228, 169^ 183 Asterabad, 175, 176, 180 Aiteletht, 201 Aaferar, 209 Ailjai, 212 Aifcrin, 213, 315, 298 AKTinan, 217, 219 Ashran, 217 Aienk, 218 Asferan, 919, £30 Ashiket, 270 Atbejan, 272 Ashereh, 279 AsbouTket, 274 A«eher, 279 Asterougbieh, 379 Atlah, 268 Atrar, 350 Aiel, 185, 186, 187, 18* Audafi, ISO SECOND INDEX. 311 AulenjaDy 113 Aurd, 97 Auhileh, 1 63 Auher, or Auhar, 167 Aabgir> 243 Aubchy 217 Aubul, 257 Aorast, 172 Awlas, 46, 50 Aweis, 109, 270 Awerkendy 27 1| 27^ f ^9 Awent, 271 Aweshy 271 Ayoub, 166 Azhaman, 86 Azzehy 48 Azcrbai, 144 Azcndy 152 Azerbaijan, xxiii, 3, 60, 62, 155, 156, 159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 1^7, 172, 174, 178, 188 Azziah, IM Azsour, 210 Aaenker, 96& Az«dieiktr 26^ 970^ Babel (Babylon), 3> 19, 79, 130 Basrin, 24 Baghdad, 9, 61, Of, 66> &!,. 68, 69, 70, 7ly 77f 78, 116, 120, 126, 127, 135, 172, 176, 178, 208 Barab, 9, 221,. 23B, 27O Bahrein, 11, 11 9, 1128, 188- Barbary, 19^ 21 Bajeh, 13> 29> 97 Barkah, 15, 16, 19, 29 Basireh, 15, 17> 20, 51 Bakouo 17> 20, 21 Batileh, 18 Basna, 2 1 Bab al Tauk Resafeh, 67 Bab-alia Scrtheh, 67 Basan, 79> 74, 89 Bazar, 73j 74, 79> 80 Bakhtegan (lake), 84 Baman, 87 Bagheras, 47, 49 Baherah, 39 Baalbek, 43, 49, 129 Balis, 44y 58 Barmah, 48, 57> 73 Balousa, 56 Bardoun, 80 jbasrah, xir, xvi, 61^ 62^ 63,' j 64,^65,^71, 79 Barem, 142, 145 Badcnjan, 83, 9I, 123 Balaien, 90, 1 96 Bajirem, 88 Bazero, 89, 110 Bahalouk, 90 Bahelsegan, 90 Bazrick, 96, 113 Balkh, 121, 213, 214, 215, 217j 218y 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 239, 259, 260, 275, 304 Badcrgan, 106 Bam, 144, 145 Baren, 139 Banias, 49 Bardan, 71 Baloui, 147« 150 Bales, 154 Baku, 160, 162 Bar, 167 Bardestan, 175 Bamieh, 182 Bayel, 183 Bakeil, 184 Bashkouth, 192 Bisekh, 202 Barghis, 213, 255, 256 Bahmanabad, 215, 229, 230 Badghis, 219 Bagheian, 223, 231 Badakshan, 223, 225, 228, 230, 232, 238, 276 Bamian, 213, 225, 226, 227, 223 Baverd, 228^. 230 Barmis, 255 Barkeit, 257, 258 Baloam, 264 Benat, 79 Beiza, 86, 91, 98, 103, 111, 113, 121, 127, 185 Behour, 39 Beit al Mokeds, 3;), 48. See Jerusalem. Bethlehem, 39, 40 Beniah, 49 Besirin, 51 Beled, 55, 56 Betaiah, 61, 65, 68, 71 Berdan, 71 Bermasir, 139, 194, 202 Besa, 104, 109, 111, 115,. 115, 116, 125, 132, \S9 Berdoun, 74, 77, 80 Beinoul, 90* Besmeil, 90 Bendil, llO Beshadour, 100, 113 Behreh, 135, 197 B^nd, 108 Bcrje, 96 IBehouleh, 89 Benjeoian, 105 3i:2 SECOND INDEX. Berm^ lid fiehar, 144 Belid, 55, 56 fieher, 105 fieskct, 266 Behaket, 267 fiedhekety 268 Beily, 268 Bestay Zeirin, 27 1> 27s Besoukhy 271 Beiket, 274, 280 Benakety 274, 280 Beiankeiny 278 Befiieket, 279 Berdch, 279 Benaketh, 280 Benket, 280 Boherje/ 1479 150 Be$,mtid, \50, 154> I5d Beiiiy 163, 164, 220 Beldan, 154 Bervanan, 157 Bezerend, 157 fierdaa, 1579 160, 161, 163, \64, 185 Bektan, 157 Beirzenje^ 160 Berzend, l63 Berkeri, 165 Bedlis, 165, 182 Berah, 167 Berd, 169 Berdabad, lOl Beftas, 1879 188, 190, 19s Bejibal, 192 Bedreh, 195 Belcin, 196 Berdsir, 197 Beisha Daran, 201 Bemaraduiehj 201 Bcrir, 201 Berin, 211 Best, 220 Bershir, 229 Beikcnd, 245, 250, 252, 269, 273, 278 Berkend, 246, 247 Beni Asad, 248 Bekhajemr, 248 Bcsteh, 249 Berkaa, 249 Bergher, 255 Bermcr, 257 Belanderin, 2 60 Bcrdeh, 261 Berjin, 262 Beshaghir, 264 Besenk, 264 Benagur, 265 Berkous, 265 Bijerm, 11, 112, 119 Bilbileh, 18, 27 Bikroun, 150 Bilkan, 160, l63 Bisutoan, 166, 172 Bireshk, 19s Biheket, 255 Boukeseh, 243 Bour, 168 Bourkan, 215 Bou, 243, 242 Bouzgan, 228, 229- Boushek, 213 Bom, 211 Bost, 203, 206, 207| 208, 209, 210, 212 Bordan, 169 Bouket, 279 Bounkct, 266 Bumeheket, 252, 262, 278 Busheng, 217 Bulgar, 185, 187, 19O, 19I* 192* 5, 7, 9, 10 Bastam, 183, 175 Bounnah, 26 Bosi, 80, 74, 77 Bokhara, 122, 125, 232, 236, 237, 238, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251, 262, 263, 275, 278 Bou (or Abou) Ghanem, 143 Boloaje, orBoloache, 138, 140, 141, 143, 146, 288, 296, 291 Boudenjan, 1 07 Boukur36, 36 Bouheket, 246, 26s, 280 Bourmaket, 258 Boos, 255 Boameh, 248 Boarek Ferghanefa, 248 Bustam, 178 C. Carcoub, 74, 80, 133 Cazvin, 122 Cazeroun, 82, 96, 103, 111, 112, 113, 132, 133, 135 Canaan, 130, 70 Cadesia, 61, 62, 65, 66 Caaba (orKaaba) 2 Caspian (or Deryai Khozr), See Khozr Canouge, 9 Carmourah, 18 Cashmere, 4 Cairo 11, 30 Caisariah, 48 Cazi, 211 Cashan, 168 China. See Cheen Chdlak, 10 Cheen, 4, 6, 6, 8, g, 10, 19, 70, 250, 298 SECOND INDEX. 313 Chekrel, 267 ChajeRud, 269 Chendi £48 Cheghagher> 244 . Chereh^ 241 Cheghanian, 238, 240> 265, 261, 277, 279 Chaje, vii* 283, 285, 2a8, 243, 244, 252, 261, 263, 265, 266, 267, 269f 270, 274, 280 Chun, 222, 230 231 Chungalabad, 210 Cheshmeh Sirab, 202 Chcndwar, 150 Cortubah, 18, 27 Costatineh (Consuntinoi^e) 9, 10, 51, 52 Corcoub, 80 Cobadian, 238 Curds, 155, 15S, 171 Curdistan; xxii Curdan, 56, 97 Cufah, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 6S, 71; 132 D. Darabjerd, 89, 94, 104, 110, 111, 112, 113, 133, 134 Dartak, 89 Darein^ 112 Dauraky 1 1 Dadicn, 97 Daibul, 12 Damiat, 34 Damavcnd, 172, 173, 177, 178 Darenjan, 90 Damascus. See Demeshk Danbul, 147, 148, 150, 154, 155 Daloni, 150 Damghan, 175, 178, 182, 194, 228 Danchy, 196 Darghes, 207 Daver, 208 Daruk, 211 Daven, 215 Dashan, 217 Dal, 242, 243 DarZingi, 277 Dehekan, 280 Derket, 280 Derghes, 279 Derkhas, 278 Derbend, 158, 159, 160, 162, 164, 180, 185, 187, 190, 191> 192, 277 Derghan, 275 Deirken, 275 Deiruk, 274 Debel, 272 Deinket, 268 Debzek, 262, 26S Debousi, 252 Derban, 141, 142, 157 Denjaneh, 252 Desht Varein, ISO, 131, 132 Deniaen, 248 Derwazeh Samarcand, 248 Deizah, 248 Deha, 241 Deraan, 241 Delouan, 91 Dekhan, 239 Deihan, 97 Deria, 232 Dendalekan, 230 Derab, 224 Dereh, 209, 228, 82 Deiman, 142 Deir Berkhan, 198 Deher Houmah, L39 T T DeUeh Giran, 195 Deir Aber, 96 DeirKaheim, 195, 196 Derjendy 90 Demarzari, 183 Deidelout, 90 Deher, 180 Dermeyah, 178 Derberan, 178 Dera, 177 Dersein, 177 Demeh, 177 . ^ . Dehestan, 176, 180, 185, IQt^ 191, 208, 220 Deheihlour, 168 Deheih Abou Ayoub, 166 Deilman, l65, 172, 174, 175b 178, 180, 183, 184 . . Deinour, 94, l65, 167, l68f 169 Deir Kherkan, i64 ....... Deinel, 160, 162, l64, l65 Derituk, 160 Derek, 153, 147 Deheireh, 86 Demeshk (Damascvs) xlii, xiv, XV, xvi, 40, 43j -44, 47f 48, 49, 237, 238 Deirgan, 87 Dcjeil, 71 Dehmeh, 177 Deshkereh, 69, 71 Dcsht (lake) 84, 88 Deiralaakoul, 71 Deidan, 79 Derjend ( River) 64 Deilman, 3, 8 Dejleh (or Tigris) 11, 26, 81, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 7 if 78, 79# 16« DehkeUan, no $14 SECOND INDEX. Derijan, 88 Dehein Seifomarch^ 88 Destekan, 88 Derteky 89 Dhcy Nemeh, 181 Dhcy Digur, 201 Dhcy, 20g, 210 Dhehck, 20g, 810 Dheyaoum, 210 Dhey Jumah, 210 Dhey Moured, gs D(iey Kurdan, 228 Diarbekre, xxiii Diar Modhar, 68 Divesy, 273 Divemaket, 965 Dileshkird, 261 Dilem, 161, 183, 212 Doumish, 164 Dourek, 72, 79, 80 Doakaky 108 Doubein, 106 Dorenjan, 90 Dozdan, 166 Dur, 169 Durreli, 194, 195 Duardehy 198 Durak, 199 Duar« 212 £. Ebher, 175, 122 Egypt (Misr) ii. xxvii, 2, 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 19, 22, 29, 31, 34, 37> 38, 51, 53, 40, 45, 46, 129, 132, 292 Emcssa, 43 Eskanderiah (Alexandria), 33 Ethiopia, 4, 14, 22 Euphrates, Si, 37, 38, 44, 50, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, €0, 65, 68, 69, 72, Sec. F. Fars, Farsistan, or Pars, xxiii, 2, 3, 8, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 95, 108, 140, 165, 192, 193, 194, 211, 212, 216 227 Fanck, 86 Farkhan, 88 Fardek, go Fahas (Alilout), 18, 26 Falestine. See Palestine. Faz (or Fez) 17, 21 Fataih, 30 Famhel, 150, 151, 152, 154 Faloui, 154 Farab, 232, 260, 268, 269 Farghi, 238 Famurgh, 256, 257 Fetrioun, 153 Feldi, 154 Ferasendeh, 168 Fereh, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212. Ferouan, 225 Ferghanah, 6, 232, 233, 235, 238, 248, 250, 252, 26l, 263, 263, 264, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 276, 280 Ferma, 35 Feik, 48, 274 Ferdin, 139 Fertast, gO Fermoun, 147 Fermouiah, 18 Feikerah, 27 Feserdeh, 247 Ferazan.al-Sefli 248, 249 Ferin, 248 Feranah, 249 Ferghour, 264 I Ferajan, 274 Ferjench, -275 Fir9uzinend, 808, f 10 Firou^ (Kam) go, 98t IIS^ 126, 135 Firkh, HO, US Fioum, 31 Font. See Euphntea Fomapalah, 71 Foroab, River, 84 Fostat, 30, 33, 36 Frat. See Euphxitet G. Gaza, 33, 40 GawKhareh, 242, t4S Gerbadcan, 169 Ghurghaz, 9 Ghumeh, 9 Ghuz, 9, 10, 843, 844, 86a» 268, 269, 270, 187, 190 Ghafek, 18, 26 Ghica, 144 Ghour, 39, 40 Ghouteh, xiv, xv, xvi, 40, 48, 237, 238 Gherahelm, 44 Gherasein, 49 Ghersiran, 268 Guhzl, 265 Gherk, 262 Ghurgestan, 256, 813, 88I» 225 Gherban, 255- 258 Ghehar, 248 Gharan Murgh, 247 Ghar al Naiah, 248 Ghurnein, 230 Ghaznih, 218 Ghizni, 210, 225, 226, 227$ 228, 241 SECOND INDEX. ^ M5 Ghaznein, SOB, 990, tS9p 283 Ghaur, 205, 20?/ 912, 221, 296, 227 Gilan, 174 Giran, 195 Gird, 8g Gibralur, 7, ^9, 20, 2^, 61 Gondi Shapour. See Jondi Sluu pour, 77 Gouz, 109 Goured, 113 Gourkam, 221 Goukanan, 213 Gouvi, 211, 212 Gouid, 206 Gozi, 197, 198 Gounabeh, 191, 192 Gounaieh, 191, 192 Gurki, 158 Gorkan, 8, 9, llO, 12 1> I69, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180, 182, 183, I8S9 208, 2X2, 214, 215, 241 Gullar, 183 Goebran, 196 Gurkooneh, 209 GuhPelenk, 211 Gurigar, 218 Gorbah, 242 H. Hawr, 108 Hancid, 69 Hadithah, 57> 60 Hafidi, 89 Haijan, 88 Habeirah, 68, 71 Hawer Ableh, 64 Harah Radgan^ 86 Hadejan Shappor, 89 Hairah, 62, 66 Hareh, 97 Haran, 86 Hajr, 46, 89 Harouniah, 38, 45, 60 Hakb» 47> 49 Hasirmenje (or Jasirmenje) 55, 59 Hameres, 88 Habbesh(Abby86inia) 4, 13, 22 Hamrah, 30 Hamadan, 166, l67> 168, 169 Hamdan, 167, 172 Hafs, 182 Harroeh, 196 Hamr, 200 Hareh, 97, 211, 219 Hasker, 241 Hamdoanah, 248 Hanerket, 266 Hamerel, 266 Hawes, 274 Hallured, 276 Heiket, 280 Herkaneh, 279t 290, 2d2 Hcjareh, 278 Heireh, 65, 66, 278, 242, 108, 112 Hermigan, 277 Heileh, 276 Hebek, 276 Hezarasp, 241, 242, 275, 278 Hcdali, 270, 271 Herket, 266 Hedinket, 265 Heran, 260 Heshwan, 248 Hcriat, 232 Helil, 223 Hcllaverd, 223 Hesheb, 223 Hessan, 217> 219 Hejrai, 212 Hczar, 26, IO9, 210 Hcstan, 210 J Heruri, 209 Herin, 89, 209 Heirroend, 205, 206, 207, 212 Herat, 121, 202, 209, 213, 2179 218, 219, 228 Hemaneh, 1 93 HeftDer, 182 Heban, l64, 166 Heilabshar, 159 - ^ Hesn £bn Omareh, 12, 111, 112 Herman, 152 Helbeh, 150 Heidour, 147 Hebab, 144 Hemed, 144 Hey, 61, 63, 64, 74, 77, 119 Hemaigan Sefly, 122 Hedim, 87 Heyaz, 46, 90 Hcilouieh, 82, 9a Hesouah, 89 Heran, 86, 260 Heskan, 88 Heir, lip Herbazan, 107 Herieh, 102 Heifan, 97 Hembeir, 89 Heraje, 112 Hemeid, 88 * Herah, 26, 65, 66 Heith, 59 Hejr, 46 Hemcss, 43, 47, 48, 49 Hemah, 44 Hejaz, 46, 132, 289, 290, 291 ' I 810 SECOND INDEX. Hedim> 87 Herdeb (River) 84 Hhoumahx 879 113 ^Mharar, 220 Hind, 2, 147, 203 Hindoostan, 3> 4, 5, Qf \9, 18, 203, 207, 212, 225, 226y 232, 292 Hejar, 46, 89 X Hije, 89 Homer, xi Houbakan, 86 Holwan, 61, 62, 69, 71, 162, 167, 168, 170, 172 Houran, 49, 60 Houman, 33, 34 Honadah, 27 Hormuz, 12, 88, 138, 139, 140, Ul, 142, 143, 145 Houran, 97 Hormuz Keran, 112 Houmah, ill, 139 Husnabad, 144 Houmah al Net, 74 Houmah al San, 74 Housket, 265 Hust, 217 Humdan, 9 HysnMohdi, 11, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 129 Hysn Ebn Omarreh, 12, 111, 112 Hysn Mansour, 44, 50 Hysn Mosclamah, 60 I. J. Jawr, 82, 88| 94, 100, 111, 112, 113, ISO, 132, 198 Jarin, 86 Jasermenje (or Hasermenje} 55 59 Jarour, 93 Jarouen, 138 Jarianeh, 225, 230 Jaum, 228 Jczireh, 47, 54, 55, 56, 59, 127, 156, 161 Jesmeden, 160 Jcbal, 40, 74, 127, 161, 172, 181, 192, 194, 277 Jehan (River) 45 Jehudistan, 169 Jerth, 173 Jermjery, 182 Jerhan, 182 Jehineh, 183 Jerjer, 187 Jellabeh, 191 Jehr, 200 Jefan, 241 Jelal Deizeh, 248 Jerghaneh, 248 Jerghan, 248 Jermesk, 249 Jerjerch, 38, 250 Jeran, 259 Jerjeir, 38 Jenuder, 265 Jegherket, 206 Jermaiah, 274 Jerbend, 275 Jeladan, 97 Jehrem, ill, 116, 132 Jehreh, 113 Jenabah, 90, 105, 106, ill, 112, 113, 132 Jemgan, 97 « Jeran, 113, 60, 259 I Jerusalem. See Beit al Mokeds 39» 48," 52^ Jezireh Ebn Omar, 57 Jedan, 58 Jebal al Kellal, 53, 54 Jerjeraya, yi Jircft, 139, 140, 141, 14f^ 144, 145 Jiroukan, 139 Jirdeh, 139 Jirouan, 145 Jibd (Tarck) 20 Jihoun (River) 155, 178, 187/ 225, 226, 228, 232, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 251, 260, 278, 275, 278 Jouakend, 271 Jouibari Aarez, 247 Jondi Shapour, 73, 75, 77, 79p 80, 168 Joubendan, 96 Jouim, 89, 85 Joumeh Mesehan, no Jouein, 110 Joudi, 60 Jouidan (River) 84 Irak(Arabi) xxiii, 1, 2, 6, 38, 46, 61, 62, 63, 66, 71, 72, 76, 79> 125, 127, 183, 148, 156, 157, 158, 165, 16^ 168, 171, 176, 180, 200, 207, 214, 258 Isfahan, 75, 81, 91, 96, 10«, 100, 112, 123, 133, 157, 192- 193, 194, 195, 19§, 201, 165 Iskandereh, 224 Ispahan, 169, 172, 173, I99 Istakhar, xxv, 82, 86,9], 9s, 94, 98, 99* 100, 102, 103, 107, 108, HI. 118, 116, 119* 128, 129, 194, 185, 137 Iskenkejr, 262 Isashab, 280 SECOND INDEX. 317 Istakhanuii 109 Iskanderiah. See Alexandria Jurmeh, 194 K. kandabil, 1479 15 19 153> 154 Kair, 15\, 152 Ranteli, 153 Kapchaky 159 Kablak, 160 Kanjah, 160 Kantereh al Naamon, 166 Kashan, 169^ 17l> 17S> 19S9 194; 195 Karen, 174> 1759 176 Karges, 193, 196 Kahein, 195 Kahy 195, 22s, 231 Kabul, 207> 223, 226 Kariz, 209 Kantueh Kirman, 211 Kanderuthan, 215 Kaberoun, 220 Kaloon, 220 Kankouan, 265 Kalek, 266 Kaimakher, 272 Kankan, 277 Kasan, 279 Kan, 221 Kanderm, 221 Kaein, 222, 223, 228, 229, 231 Kaweil, 223 Kabal, 223, 326 Kasan, 224 Kash, vii, ix, xi, xri, 258, 259, 260, 279 Kanderim, 229 Kalcf, 239 Kanjesh, 241 Kab, 241 KaferKam, 240 Kafra al Alia, 87 Kanserin, 44, 49 Kahira (Note) 30 Kakour, 37 Karma, 83 Karcoub, 61 Kattah, 86 Kales, 86 Karma, 83 Karcoub, 61 Kattah, 86 Kas (River) 84 Kales, 86 Karma, 83 Kafra alSefli, 87 Karzein, 88, 979 96, 102, 112 Karian, 91, 123 Kattah, 86, 102, 108, 111 Kadban, 94 Kaaba (or Caaba) 2, 128 Karkheh, 74 Kazeroun (Cazroun) 89, 90, 94, 97 Kakan, 90 Kantereh, 89, 122 KamFirouz, 90, 95, 98, 113, 126, 135 Kashgird, 145 Kahas (Alilont) 18 Kabul is tan Kaimak, 9, lO Kelaahereh, 147 Keniabeh, .151, 152, 154 Kelwan, 151 Kebr, 153, 154 Kesr, 153, 175 Kesdan, 154 Kerieh, 157 Kenjah, 162, 164 U U Kendman, i64 Kelkateiin, l64 Kelilgoun, l64 Kerkhan, 164 KeserDusdan, 166, 169 Kesralberadin, 169 Kellar, 87> HO, 175 Kestaneh, 181 Kelazil, 181 Kehrest, 181 Kenunhan, 211 Kerbin, 212 Kemkh, 217 Kehendiz, 217 Keroukh, 219 Keif, 220 Keseher, 230 Keiseh, 247 Kendaman, 248 Kerjinet, 250 Kerin, 251, 273 Kermtniah, 252, 273 Keisaneh, 258 Kesaban, 259 Kenk, 260 Keshtch, 261 Kebout Meheket, 279 KendGah, 276 Kendil, 275 Ketran, 274 Kend, 273 Kerouan, 272 Keba, 270, 27 1 Kenjideh, 269 Kezr, 268 Keheshm, 266 Kedal, 266 Keimeh, 265 Kelenjek, 265 Ketaiah, 30 Kenamah, 27 Kesrbend, 147 -i 318 SECOND mUEX. Kesisan^ 145 Keraoun, 144 Kcllan, 110 Keri, ISQ KeleSy 86 Kelidy 86, 93 Kesri, 88 Kcherjan, 88 Keferisa, 89 Keliwazi, 67 Keliwan, 74, 77 * Kefer, 105 Kerar, 1 1 2 Kereh, 109 Kehrgan, 109 Kelouder, 107 Keiawem, 89 Kesr Aaien, 109 Kelimah, 52 Kelimiah, 5iS Kesr Ebn Hobeireh, 68 Kellal, 53, 54 Kerbda, 68 Kedah; 26 Keisa, 45 Kenisa, 50 Keber, 87 Khemardegan, 87 Khan, 87 KhanBadieh, 106 Khar, 177> 178, 181, 194 Khouf, 36 Khefa, 37 KhefarKar, 37 Khenaserah, 44 Khabour, 59 Khabouran, 57 Khoshbu, 84 Kawmak, 65 Khuzistan (Susiana) xxiii^ 2, 111 .20, 29, 78, 80, 81, 157> 165, 166, 169 Kharizan, 78 Khorasan, 3, 67» 81, 108, If 1, 132, 138, 157> 165, 169, 172, 181, 192, 193, 194, 165, 197, 199* «00, 801, 203, 208, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 226, 227, 229, 232, 233, 237, 240, 244, 245, 251, 262, 295 Khouareh, 1 1 Khemrud, 145 Khozr, xxvi, 3, 5, 8, 9, 159, 162. 180, 183, 187, 188, 190, 191 Khoorsan 88 Khebis, 139 Khan, 87, 106 Khan Daouid, 105 Khosruhein, 130 Kheis, 142 Khanifen, 88 Khem, 88, 107 Kherik, 88 Kheir, 121, 132 Khan Shur, 106 Khan Khamad, 1 1 KhurKhiz, 9, 110 Khuzn.jiah, 9 Khederge, 9, 10 Kherouje, 152 Khounah, 157, l64, 200 Khoui, 157, l65, 198 Khaberan, 157, 158 Khullat, 165 Khuast, 167, 168, 171, 172, 210 Khan Lekhan, 169 Khosru, 177 Khorasmia, 180 Khclawahf 162 Khedaweh, 132 Khubeis, 194, 199 Khust, 199, 9«1 Khebeis, 199, 901 Khilje, 207, 227, 269 Khorasaneh, 210 Khabzar, 210 Khesajy, 210 Khaveran, 211, 2Sg Khuarezm, xxiii, 213, 2t6, 227, 278 Khosrugird, 215, 2 19, 829 Kherinan, 215 Kherki, 218 Khulm, 223, 230 Khesh, 224 Kharasm, 230, 232, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 8469 365, 270, 275 Khoti, 232 Khoslan, 288, 239, ^76 Khozar, 241, 244 Khonas, 241 Kherdour, 241 Khiljan, 243 Khebek Rud, 250 Khojend, 263, 27 1, 273, 880 Khas, 260 Khersab, 270 Khenlaro, 272 Khesehirt, 273 Khetl, 277 Khersaliket, 280, Kishteh, 278 Kiidan Khas, 278 Kish, 238, 250, 258, 839, 260, 261. 275, 879 Kirdan, 241, 248, 818 Kirman, 2, 12, 46, 58, 81, 86, 61, 98, 99, 102, 107, 111. 118, 153, 1166, 193, 194, 196> 198, 201, 202. 203, 205, 206. 208, 811^ 213, 227, 289 ' >f WD INDEX, 810 Kirder^ 241 Kisaban, 25g Kishteh, 279 Kihsest^ 181 Kirasan, 218> 228 Kibrakanan, 147 Kirkanan^ 1 53 Kipchak, 156 Kipshak, 156 Kirman Shahan, 169, I98 Kirman, 16, 17> 20, 22, SO Kirouan, 16, 17j 20, 99, SO Kirdman, 89 Kirdgan» 144 Kibres, 53 Kiasah, 37 K0U8, 49, 50, 245 Kouh, 72> 173, 176, 184, 185, 193, 194,196,209 Kouhcstan, S, 78, 123, 143, 156, 165, 166, 169, 172, 173, 176, 19^, 206, 21s, 214, 223,227,231,277 Kouin, 86. 88, ill, 131 Kounein, 145 Kouz, 144 Kooingan, 88 Kooin, 89 Kouheftan abu Ghancm, IS9 Koumin, 139 Kouje or Kouche, 140, 142, 289, 290 I^oureh, 97 Kohendez, 108 Kouar, 105 Koumdb, 121 Korkh, 67 Kolzum, 4, 6, 13^ 29, 89 f 184 Komouifahy 18 Kourieh, 18 KoqIcs, 27 Koasein, 177 Kouim, 176 Koumb, 175, 178, 193, 194, 212,228, 229 Kom, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 176, 193, 194, 195 Koamenjan, 167 Kohhendez, 181 Koukour, 199 Kousen, 2 09 Koushck Ahef, 220 Kouscf, 217 Kouseri, 219 Kouh-seim, 220 Kouh Umroabad, 220 Kobadian, 239,240,277 Korkanje, 240, 242j 243^ 278 Korasan, 241 Koragh, 242 Kourek, 256 Kourghed, 258 Koukib, 269, 26s Koureh of Kimjidehi 268 Kourast, 277 Kuakend, 173 ' Kubabeh, 222 Kurmeideh^ 248 Kur, 158, 210 Kurge, 159 Kurreh, 167, 168, 169, 17O KuarczOD, 183, 228, 220 Kurreen, 211, 212 KunjeReshak, 213 Kuaran, 217 Kubuk, 218 Kurkheh, 73 Kumar, 1 09 Kurich, 108 Kumah Allas^ 93 Kumbuz Malgan, 90 Xushein (River), 84 Kufertouma, 45, 56, 57 .. ^ .V / r I ■ Laristan, xxiii Lattian, 12 Lahout, 31 Lawen, 87 Ladikiah, 38, 49 Lames, 52 Lashgird, 143 Lagheristan* 88 Lahein, 97 Lanjan, 1 64 Lashter, 167 Lansin, 167 Lawzer, 181 Lavakend, 223 Laian, 258 Laorast, 277 Laabek, 265 Leshkur, 80, 20, 74, 79» 213 Lest, 198,201 Lekhan, 169, 264 Lebez, 160 Leniran, 159 Lekzan, 159, 18( Lesout, 157 Lebnon, 39 Libnan, 39 Lour, 73,78, 168, 172 IxMirdegao, 87 Louar, 143 M. Malaca, 2, 19 Mardah, 18 Magreb (Part of Africa), 2, 4, 7, 8, 15, 16,22, 27,28,51^ 53, 132 Mansoureh, 2,4, 12, 147, 148^ 150, 151, 154, 155 • A 20^ A 320 SECOND INDEX. Maweralnahr fTrantoxanu), 3| 4, 0, isi, S12, ei7t as3, S26, S37) 892, £33, SSS, £36, Z37> 238, 839, S^O, £4t, 345, 248, 649, SSO, 2S1, SS3, S5S, £57, 264, S65, 368, S7ii £73, 870, 903 Madalen, 69, 70, 7i Mahirouiin, 11, 79 MlcbMD, 5, 18 Marouan, eg Mijouge, 8 Madaien, li, 6g, 70,71 Mana&h, 87 Maidali, £6 Maienn, 97 Maidein, 56 Mariiein, S6 Maren, 141 Maimoadah, 8? Marcin, 11 8 Maiidao, 58 Malghan, 90 Maxem, £S, 36 Matinan, B9 Masua, 45, 50 Manein, as, g5, 96, 109, ll£, us, 134 Matoaf, 80 Mahein, 86 Maiouief, 86 Maban, 139 Matoub, 80 l^akran, 13B» 140, i4i Maooui, 147 MaKh, 147 Manah, I5l> 158 Majeli, 18 Marend, 157, l64 Maaonn, 145 MahmudAbad, i63 Mantn, 167 Makran, 146 Maderan Roud, 167 Matet Khouh, 173 Malet, 188 Mabin, 194, 196, 801 Mahiah, 18 Mahin, 194 Maann, 210, 314 Masi, 3 1 1 Malgai, go Malef, 817 Marabad, 8l7i sig Matheran, 217 Malan, 319 Mank, 884,235 Matez, £28 Markand, 333 Madoiin, 848 Manfercnje, £55 Makakhea, 878 Maberbouaar, 874 Mah, 880 Meket, 380 Medmamehcket, £78 Mebaderal Kcbri, 74, 78 Merdangan, £78 Melenk, S76> 884, £85 Menek, 276, 8S9 MerduRien, 875 Mnalkal, 374 Mcirgheh, ?73 Medina, 66, 11? Medonaneh, 37£ Mergfienban, £7£ Memarujan, £71 Meritikei, 266 Meiek, 264 Meaonjan, 145 Melakhei, £48 Medeminiah, 843 Memha, 341 Merda, 841 Mersan, ££9 Mcmur-rudd, £28 MeruShahjan, 880 Methkan, 86 Merdin, 78 Meroni, 147 Mei, 106 Metoaahi, 147, 150 Meron, l£l Mcihari, 147 Meimoun, 147, 151, l64 Metihan, I4fi Mekran, 151, 15e, 158, I56» 193, 193, 803 Methkaneth, 113 Me»keni, 153 Med, 159 Methkan, S6 Matbah, 154 ' Meibed, 86 Mehabari, 1 64 Mcraghah, 157, i6£( 164, 166 Merah, 166 Memeid, 88, 111, us Mehil, 175 Mealeh, 175, 188 Memkan, 88 Mcinta, 175 Meikoubch, 181 Mehein, isi Merdan, 90 Meratik, 188 Mezraiek, ig6 Meila, 306 Men, £13, eis, SI6, 8I7, ££1, ££7, 888, 8S0 Meterkan, isg Menulnid, 8IS, 814, tfO, £21, 882, £81 Mcdar, 64 Meniah, 64 /■ ■ • ♦ SECOND INDEX. 321 Meki, 87 Mehaian> 86i Meibed, 86 Mesihar, 97 Mcbadcral Kaberi, 74, 78 Merzend Khan, 110 Meden beni Salem, 26 Mesoul, 97 Mekianah, 27 Mcdiounah, 27 Meileth, 56 Mesopotamia, 2, 38, 54, Sec. Medah, 89 ^ Meltiah, 38, 47, 50, 34. 55, 57 Meraash, 38, 41, 49, 50 Merzingan, 139 Menajah, 139 Mdireje, 139 Memehes, 38 Meftah, 73 Mesjed Ibrahim, 40 Medar, 73 Mesrcs, 44 Mesakenat, 89 Menje, 44, 47, 49, 50 Mecca, 128 Mes, 96 Mediterranean Sea, 2, 6, 7, 8, 15, 19, 25,29,37,51, 51 Mekeh, 102 Mekia, 18 Mehsah, 19 Mifr (Egypt), 2, 4, 5, 7, 16, 31 Mihra, 152, 169 Mian, 268 Mihran, 148, 150, 151, 154, 155 Mihrjan, 229, 230, 140, 215 Misan, 157 Mihra, 152, 169 Miougan, 141 Miafarekin, 161, l65 Mires, l64 Mianeh, l64 Mohar wan, 175 Moghken, 252, 27 8 Moumajez, 256 Moghaneh, 275 Moan, 47 Mousul, 55, 56 Moukan, 183, 162 Mourjan, 182 Mahirooiaa, 75, ill, 112, 116 Mahrooian, 86, 90, 105 Mourid, 93, 107 Mouje Maiha, 97 Mouje, 97 Mour, 99 Moaronan, 145 Mohdi, no Mouekaf, 30 Mourouan, 145 Modhar, 58, 59 Mohediah, 15, 17, 19* 22 Multan,4, 147. 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 203. Maskehan, 197 Mushirkan, 74, 75 N. Nadonan, 88 Naiel, 153 Nabul, 153 Nader, 90 Nakhjevan, l65 Naaroan, 166 Naas, 212 Naksheb, 238, 26O, 261, 275, ?79 Nat, 78 X X Nahlah, 18 Nahia, 26 Nabolis, 40, 48 Nasedan, 58 Natdia, 45 Nahr Saies, 71 Nahr Allah, xiv Neamaniah, 71 Netirah, 50 Nethenan, 45 Nesrin, 24 Nehr Tiri, 74, 77, 80 Nehrwan, 69 Nebulis, 90 Nedeheh, 146, 151, 154 Nedeh, 154 Neshoui, 157 ' '•' Nehavend, 167, 170 Nemek, 181 Nesa, 213, 229, 228 Neshkukan, 218 Neshin, 221 Nekin, 241 Neshamein, 264, 265 Nehaket, 265 Neskan, 267 Nejcb, 275 Nesoukh, 275 Nescf, 279 Nishapoar, 121, 172, 182, I94, 197, 201, 208, 213, 2l4t 215, 217, 221, 223, 2t7f 228, 229 Nile (River), 14, 30, SI, 99, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Nisibin, 55, 56, 60 NoahKherik, 88 Nourman, 239 Nouran, 241 Nubia, 4, 7, 9» 13, 14, 29, 31 Nubehar, 224, 247 Nukendeh, 247, 249 SECOND INDEX. Nuskeen, s 1 NuKhani, ig6 Nubendejan, go, 103, 105, Oman, ii, is, na, t84, ig3 Omarehj IS, B8, 94, 1 1 1, lU Omm (Lake), 138 Omm Bersereh, 197 Ord (or Aurd), 97 Ortbani, igi Orden. See Arden. Oxus. See Jihoun. Pars, 2, 3, 1 1, IS, 46, 78, 73, 75, 77, 76, 79, 82, 83, B4, 85, 86, 87, 9s, 94, 98, 100, 105, 145, 169, 184, 192, 194, 203, 206, eOb, 814, 227 Palestine, 39,40, 48 Pelcnk, 211 Peir, 309 Penjehir, 223, B24, 225, 226, Ml, ssa Fenian Sea, s, 4, 5, 6, 7, B, 14, 81 Pcrsepolis. See Istakhar. Pirouz, 154 ■ PirKurieh, 108 Poul-i.nn-imoun, 164 Pool-Scukin, 877 Pol Andcroesh, 168 Pasheng, 817, 218,219,222, 288 R. Rahouk, isi Rasck, 147) 152 Rakan, 167 Ramer, 168 Rasi, 169 Ratal Kibb, 131 Ravan, I9B Ram Sheheristan, 805 Rawer, 223, l6e Rasiman, 260^ Rasf, 261 Ram Hormuz, 73, 79 Ramuz, 79, 80 Rasein, 1 10 Radan, 86, 87 Ramjerd, 86 Rahban, US Ramleh, 3g, 47, 48 Razika, 58 Raccafa, 55, 58 Rus.a1.ai«n, 55, 56, 57 Rahabah-malek-ben Tawh, 59 Ramnan, 11 Raai, 15 Rahey, 17 Rebaiah, 27 Red Sea {Sea of Kolzum), 4, 6, Rebehi, I5, 20, 21 RebaaU, t-f) Rctnah, 47 Remaa, 39 Rekem, ■(■g Resajeh, 67 Rey, 188, 1S7, 157, 161, l65, 1G7, 168, 178, 174, 175, 176, 177) 178, 180, 181, 193, 194, 195, 196, 801, 818 Rem in, 97 ReKndgah (Keloudv], 1 07» 109 Rekisa, 109 Rchan, 8g R»hak, eg, 112, i44 RcsatU, 153 Reyan, IGO Renjan, iGg Rengan, 122, 179 RcbacKass, 482 Rcbat Wedarch, i82 Rebaifiedreh, I95 Rebat Aliben Rustam, 195 RebatViran, 198 Rebat Gouran, 200 Rebat Gurreh, 300 Reheje, 207 Reha, 210, 811 Remvadeb, 815 Rebat Kirdan, 2i8 Rebat, 247, 248, 250 Reihestan, 248 Rehieh, 848 Rendieh, 252 Rebond, 257 Resmajen, 262 Rebat Khedifli, 2G3 Resban, 271 Rendwamesj 272 Rcbat Soghd, 273 Rebat Ahmed, 274 Rebai Abou AI Abaui, 274 Rebat Azik, 275 Rik Desht, 877 Rik, 200 Roum, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, e, 14^ 97, 38,43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52,54, 78, 16I) 188) I9O, 192 Rous (Russia), 4, 5, lO, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191 SECOND INDEX. 323 Roumiah, 51| 52 Rouad, 40 Roudan Hcmed, 144 Roubin, 145 Rondan, 111, 112> 140 Rouz, US Roustai Zem, gd Rouicst, 143 Rouiahy 89 Roustai Reshak> 89^ ISO Roustaky 11S> ISO Roud, 167 Roha, 210, 211 Rohaje, 210 Roustaka, 248 Rouleje, 262 Rudi Turkestan, 267 Rudi Kesaban, 259 Rudeki, 256 Rud Basegan, 247 Rudi Kurd Khouas, 242 RudAilch, 2S7f 2S8 Ruzen, 229, 23 1 Rud Kasan, 224 Rud Anderabeh, 224 Rudi Haas, 224 Rud Yarkhoui, 2t8 Rudi Amol, 216 Rudi Sck, 207 RudAamil, 207 Rud Meila, 206 RudShaabeh, 206 Rudi Heirmend, 205 Ruzi, 194 Rudbar, 174 Rudeh, 169 Rud Rawer, 167, 168, 170 Rugird, 167 Rud, 154, 155, 164, 206 S. SahdalArab, 130 Sarsan, 68 Samereh, 68,69, 7I972 t Saidabad, 94 Samarcand, ix,x, xi, 157, 232, 233, 234, 237) 238, 248, 249, 251, 252, 258, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 268, 273, 275, 276, 278 Sahelal Kebri, 86, 107 San, 89, 110, 221 Samgan, 88 Sarour, 93, 103 Sasan, 79 Saf-beni^al Seghar, 85, 88, 91, 118 Saied, 32, 33, 37 Salimiah, 48 Samereh, 60, 62 Salem, 26, 202 Saiheh, 44 Samisat, 44, 50, 54, 55, 57, 59 Sanjan, 56 Sarbanana, 177 Sarrah, 26, 27 Sarfasseh, or Sarkassass, 1 8 Saveh, 1679 168, 131 Sarien, 175 Sari, 175, 179, 182 Salous, 175, 183 Sarbanan, 177 Sarkhes, 213, 219, 221, 222, 228, 230 Sarnan, 215 Satri, 2, 3 Sa, 229 Safzoun, 241 Sam Kons, 245 Saman, 304 Samjir, 248 Samjer Maweralnahr, 248 Sawat, 255, 256 Sarouan, 257 Sameket, 262, 263 Sabat, 262, 263, 273 Sarin, 262 Saket, 265 Saoudad, 265 Sailaa, 267 Saweket, 273 Saferoun, 278 Sabat, 280 Scythian, 180 Sclavonia (Siklab), 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 37 Sebourket, 280 Seher, 279 Scdoun, 275 Selket, 274 Senjan, 274 Selab, 272 Selikend, 272 Senjat, 268 Sehaket, 266 Seket, 265 Semendeh, 263, 264 Selisedeh Bclis, 262 Scnk Kerdeh Beroubin, 260 Senk Kerdeh Deroubein, 260 Setrushtah, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 264, 269, 276, 280 Sehcker, 262 Senaa, 254 Seif Omareh, 88 Sefli, 87, 122, 248, 249 Seroukeseh, 246 Serigan, 138, 139, 143 Sekinch, 239 Sedreh, 74 324 SECOND INDEX. Scboijan, 230 Senkub, il6 Sener^ 1I3 Serder, 113 Setouder, 1 13 Sef«reh, 88 Seluined, 22g Selmba, 43 Sckaiut, 88 Sckan, 3ag Seghur Sham, SB, 50, &7 Sekandereb, 323, 2S4 Seif-beni Zohcir, 1 1 8 Serai Aasim, 233 Scghar Jeiirah, 38, ^o Sehekemctt, 333 Senjan, 83, 90, 330, S31, Sckilkend, 339 Senjir, 56 Selian, 74 Senxngan, 339 Sey, 64 Seira, 330 Senkdc, aii Seida, 49 Sejestan, 46, 218 Seradsin, 87 Seiishian, 3 is Setden, 8? Semcian, 86, 113 Sepid Asenlc, si8 Selutik, eia Serout, 47 Sehizan, 2 1 1 Senlcin, 111 Serur, 309 Sek, S07 Seibnd, 306 Sebirud, 306 Sebaaid, 300 Seis, 90 Sekan, 106 Seicstan, 3, 138, 139, UO, 192, 193, 194, S02, 303, 805, 206, S07, 308, a09, 311, 312, 318, 283 Seinid, 188 Semender, 185 Senije, 60 Scrain, 183 Scndaneit, 183 Selimiah, 48 Semnan, 169, 175, 17C, 178, 183, 194, 196 Seiit, 177 Sdlan, 133, 156, 173 Seinireh, 73, 169, 170, 171, 173 Sebeneh, 167 Scronali, )6l Seirwan, 61, 62 Serir, 159, I84, I87, 188,193 Servan, 156, I68, I69, 170, 171, 172, 218 Seimcreh, 61,63 Selntas, 157, lG4, l6s Senja, 69 Seidan, 147 Sejelmarah, 17, 31 Sedusan, 147, 150, 151, 154 Serin, 4, 5 Scrlaier, S9 Sham (Syria), 2, 4, 7, 35, 37, 38, 39, 4S, 45, 47, 48, +9, 51, 53 Sherah, 38, 40, 48, 78 Sfacbirz, 44 Shchrzour, 61, 62. 69, 16s, 71, 172 Shateif, 16, 2e, s? - Shehr, 145 Shirkan, 144 Shetmsiah, 67 Shouiab, 105 Shushter, 75, 76, 77, 79 Shaab Bouan, xiv, xv, 90, tOj Shekireh, 90 Sliek Kimun, )02 Shapour, 82, 89, 90, gi, gs, 97> 99i 103, 129, 135, 168 Shabaleg, yH Shehran, 88 Shekel r, 88 Shukal-:cshjk, 89 Sbuk.al-masanan, sg Shehr Leshknr, 73 Shushter, 73, 74 Shir, 108 Shcrazu (Zem], 89 Shiraz, 82, 83, 87, 93, 99, 100, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, no, 113, 116, 119, 122, 135, 128, ISl, 132, 135, 137, &C. ■ Shahning, 87 Shehristan, 87, 205 ■ Shadafzai, 97 Shaberan, 159 Shirvan, 160, 163, l64, 186 oakhy, 160, 163 Shabenu), 160 Shemkour, 160, l6s, 164 Shroasend, 160 Shahan, 166, 169 Sherwend, 167, 171 ShaberKbout, 167* 168, I7I, 172 Shehnid, l6g ShehnuT, 175 Shelineh, 177 Sbour, 197, 19s, igg, soi Shaabeh, soW Shcker Kfaaran, 217 Shiurkan, 221 Shehran, 233 Shebangateh, xxiii SECOND INDEX. Shiukan, 231 Shuh, vii, 333 ShumaD) 240 Shik, 248 Sheman>s6i Shuk Hosein, 91* Shuk Kenmd, 874 Shouman, S?9 Sheer, 106 Sikaliah (Sicily), GS Singe, 139 Sir Kooh, 106 Sihan (Rirer), 46 Sirin, le, 95 Siraf, 11, SS, 88, 104, lOS, 111, 11^ lis, 115, 193 Sinir, 11, 105 Sind, i, 4, S, ISy li7, liB, 155, 19s, S09 SikUh (Sclavonial, 8, 5, 7j Oi 10, 97, 244 Sah Koah (^Kk Mounain), 8> 1B4, 185, 194, 8O9 Sironab, 87 Sino Kan, 107 Seif-alAbi, 88 SiaichRod, «0S Sibaieh, 206 Sirab, 210 Stacab> 2 LB SiaTCthan, 818 E&digiid.S94 Siroiuhteh, 838 Siodiah, 147 Sindan, 154 Sinai, eg Simieh, l68 Siam, 859 Slnkh^ 266 Sour iTyft)t 40, 4B, *7* Sonkh, 27s . 104 Soghd, 838, 83<, 837« £98i 845, 849, 3SI> B6^> £901 256, e5«, 862, sCie, £68j 264, 265, S7B, 879 Sourbah, 1 54 Souk.al-aum, 167 Soara, 6s Souk Asunbeil, ?4 Souk.aUarbaa, 7* Sool^Khest, loe Soak, 74j 98 Seoanjan, 89 Solymanaiw 74, 75 Souidadi, go Soordan, 145 I, 61 Souad, 61 Sodom, 47 Spain, See Andalus. Spahawn, or Iipahan, 78, 781 167, i6e, l6g. Sec. Sunideb, 960 Surim, 268 Sunekh, 279 Sureh, 147 Sutemder, 191, 192 Sam teder, 1 9 1 Sumiider, 192 Sui Dnardeh, igS' Surmin, Sfil Siuikan, 2S0 Sui, 15, 79, 76,77,80 Sumbei], 77, 78 Svrmek, 90, 113 Sanneb, 86,93 Siu Akii, J7, 20 Syria (Sham). 2, 4, 7, 35, 51, 53,129,132,157 T. Tar&h, 17 Taraoiuah, 19, 51, S3 Tanjah, «0, 5J. Taboath, is, 17, 21,22,87, 28 Taiek (GibralUr), 19, 20 Tabertba, or Tiberiah, 48^.100 Tab (River), 84 Tangiera. See Tanjah. Tarkhinfan, 86 Tabaristan, 3, J81, J58, 159, 174, 175, 178, 179, !«>» 182, 183, SI2, 817, ice. Taiboul a1 KatriaD, S7 Taberah, 3g Tanous, 43, 4S, 46, £0, Ji Tacrith, 56, 59, Gi> 6s, 69, 78 Tawb, 59 Tarkbinian, or Tarjeniaa, $9, 118 Talat, 89 Tasimoixi, 158 Tabriz, 157, 164 Tairbcran, IS9 Tarem, 168, 174 Tawet Sonareo^ i64 Taknn, 169 Talebw, 176, 206, 920 Tauk, flOS, 811, 212 Taikan, 229,884,290,881 Taheriah, 841,875 Tejeket, 874 Teb, 74 Teib, 61, 78, SO TewHije, 87 Tebisan, sg Tel Deilemi, 131 Tescnkb, 98 Temiun, lio 326 SECOND INDEX. Terican^ 144 Tel beni Seiar, 60 Tehiaihah, 27 Teran, 87 Tends (Tunis, orTeinisc, 34, S6 Terkoam, 36 Tetar, 154 Teflis, 160, 162, 164 Teraa, l6« Temseir, 176 Tcrjy, 182 Temisheh, 182 Terka, 106 Tdis, 197 Tel-i-siah ve Scpced, 200 Tel, 207 Tebin, 222 Termed, 225, 228, 229, 288, 239, 2t0, 277 Tebsein, 231 Tebsein Merian, 231 Teran, 238 Telengan, 249 Teraz, 268, 269, 274 Tharcb, 49 Themabin, 60 Tirar, 87 TirMerdan, 90 Tibcriah, 20, 40, 48, 160 Tigris (see Dejleh), 162 Tibet, XX, 4, 10, 12, 233, 239, 298 Tiah beni Israd, 29 Tokharestan, 4, 213, 223, 224 Toletiah, 18 Tolctilah, 25, 26, 27 Tour Sina (Mount Sinai), 29 Touje, 106, 112, 132 Touran, 146, 151, 154, 232 Toshereth, 192 Toghahi, 267 Touabes, 248 Tous, 215 Tooaveis, 249, 250, 252, 2^3, 278 Touan, 271 Trabolis, 43, 48, 49 Trablis, 16, 19 Trabzoun, 161 Turezhumeh, 169 Turkestan, 9, 180, 212, 222, 226, 232, 233, 238, 239, 259, 265, 267, 270, 271, 272, 273, 298, &C. Tuskeen, 210 Turkan, 213 Tuncat, vii Tyre, 40, 48 U. Ummabad, 220 ^ V. Varein (Desht), 130, 131, 131 Vameiz, 177 Valein, 230 Vashir, 145 Vernan, 163 Verin, 218 Veis, 248 Veireh, 275 Viran, 193 W. Waset, 61, 62, 65, 66, 71, 72, 79>80 Wazin, 88. Wahh, 22, 29, 34 Wadi al hejar, 18, 26 Wahat, 54 Warghes, 255 Waakes, 262 Wanket, 271 Waaiket, 278 Waaketh, 282 Wehmeh, 177 Wedarch, 182 Werwa, 223 Wekshab, 232, 239, 276 Wekhsh, 239 Weishkird, 239, 240, 277 Wera, 247, 248 Werkaheh, 249 Weddan, 255, 258, 279 Werd, 260 Welanket, 265 Werdil, 265 Weheket, 266 Wdrkan, 278 Wirdgird, 167, 168, 170 Y. Yajooge, xxvii, 7, 8, 9, 10 Yar, 167 Yarkhoui, 218 Yemen, 11, 13, 14, 132, 194, 292, 293, 299 Yezd, 86, 102, 111, 113, 182. 139, 194 Yemameh, 193 Yest, 198, 200 Z. Zareid, 154, 145, 143 Zawieh, 78 I Zakoureth, 87 SECOND INDEX. 327 Zabein, 59 Zaar, 48 Zarieh, 45 Zamin, 274, 276, S80 Zalinkieti 980 Zadakhour, 201 Zadakherft, 201 Zarinje, 200 Zam, 213, 226,229,239.240 Zarkah, 250 Zarghem, 255, 237 Zamkird, 257 Zebidiah, 166, 278 Zeitoun, 277 Zerian, 273 Zeirin, 271, 272 Zeidin, gl^ Zerinje, 205, 207 Zemgen, l64, 165, 179> 180 Zemgan, 162 Zeitrah, 45 Zeilaa, 14 Zem, 82, 112 Zcif, 33, 37 Zem Shehrazu, 89 Zerend, 139 Zingbar, 14, 31 Zingan, 162 Zingy, 201 Zozen, 215 Zoha, 58 Zouilah, 15, 17} 21, 22, 27 Zouialah, 27 Zubidieh, 166 Zualien, 223, 224 Zyad Abad, 107* ADDITIONAL ERRATA. [See thofe already noticed in page 308.] Preface, Page iv, line 20, for iV, read le. Page 42, . . 23, for Molk^ read Malek. 5, for Molk^ read Maiek. 7, for Kosbhuf read Kbosbbu. . T 6, for Kaujaby read Kanjab. . 10, for jr|il read JS^j\ 68, - 84, --I6O, -279> NOV 2 7 1019^ PRINTED, AT THE ORIENTAL PRESS, BY WILSON & CO. WILD-COURT, Lincoln's inn fields, London*